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Personality

Personality. What Is Personality?. Personality is defined as an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Types of approaches to study personality

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Personality

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  1. Personality

  2. What Is Personality? • Personality is defined as an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. • Types of approaches to study personality • Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality. • The humanistic approach focused on our inner capacities for growth and self-fulfillment

  3. Sigmund Freud • Freud focused on the unconscious state of mind through his personality theories • Psychoanalysis: Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions • Freud defines your unconscious state of mind as a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware. • Within your personality Freud believed there are many structures • Id: contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle demanding immediate gratification • Ego: the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. • Superego: the personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations.

  4. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages • Freud was convinced that certain erogenous zones during childhood could effect ones personality. • Oedipus Complex: a boy’s sexual desires towards his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father. • Psychosexual Stages • Oral (0-18 months) – Pleasure centers on the mouth – sucking, biting, chewing • Anal (18-36 months) – Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping for demands of control • Phallic (3-6 years) – Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings • Latency (6 to puberty) – Dormant sexual feelings • Genital (Puberty on) – Maturation of sexual interests

  5. Personality Defense Mechanisms • Defense Mechanism: tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality • Repression: Banishment of anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness • Regression: Going back to a less anxious phase within one’s life • Projection: People disguising their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others • Rationalization: self-justifying explanations in place of real life, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s action • Denial: A person refuses to believe or even to perceive painful realities

  6. Rorschach Inkblot Test • The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

  7. The Humanistic Perspective • Abraham Maslow had a theory of self-actualization meaning that once one’s physiological needs are met, the person focuses to fulfill their own potential. • Carl Rogers used the theory of unconditional positive regard or an attitude of acceptance toward another person – how you view others can affect how you view yourself

  8. Trait Perspective • A person’s traits can define their overall personality • Talkative, funny, fun to be around may be a more extroverted person than someone who keeps to their self

  9. Personal Control • Personal Control: the extent in which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless • External locus of control: the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate • Internal locus of control: the perception that you control your own fate • Learned helplessness: the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

  10. Optimism vs. Pessimism • Optimism: Feeling positive about things • Pessimism: Feeling negative about things • In repeated studies, optimists have outlived pessimists or lived with fewer illnesses. • Positive Psychology: the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.

  11. Exploring the Self • Self: assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions • Spotlight effect: overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume the spotlights shines on us) • Self-esteem: one’s feelings of high or low self-worth • Self-Serving Bias • People accept more responsibility for good deeds than for bad, and for successes than for failures • Most people see themselves as better than average

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