1. Neural Communication

2. The Nerve Impulse

3. Neural Communication

4. Otto Loewi • Nobel Prize in 1936 • Forced to leave Germany in 1938 • Became US citizen in 1941 • Worked at Woods Hole Institute • Name pronounced as “low”

5. Loewi’s Experiment KW 5-2

6. The first known neurotransmitter • acetylcholine • first neurotransmitter identified (by Otto Loewi, 1921) • Movement: causes muscles to contract • Memory: dies in Alzheimer’s disease

7. Autonomic NT’s KW 5-17

8. Ach Pathways KW 5-19

9. Synapse structures KW 5-4

10. Steps KW 5-5

11. Step 1

12. ACh Synthesis Acetylcholine Bonded to form

13. Step 2

14. Step 3

15. Step 4

16. Step 5

17. Step 6

18. Modifying Neural Messages • drug agonists - enhance potency of neurotransmitter • drug antagonists - reduce effectiveness

19. Neurotransmitter molecule Receiving cell membrane Agonist mimics neurotransmitter Receptor site on receiving neuron Antagonist blocks neurotransmitter Agonist and Antagonists

20. Pain Killers • Endorphins • natural opiates • natural key • Morphine • Opium poppy • Agonist • Naloxone • Antagonist

21. Agonist and antagonist

22. Step 7

23. Reuptake and breakdown

24. AChE

25. Ach and AChE KW 5-11

26. NT characteristics KW 5-9

28. Monoamine Neurotransmitters • the catecholamines: • Dopamine • found at substantia nigra and limbic system • regulates emotion & movement • Norepinephrine • found in brain stem and subcortex • regulates emotion, reward, sleep, mood • Epinephrine • Found adrenal glands • may help regulate blood pressure

29. Catecholamine synthesis KW 5-12

30. Catecholamine Pathways KW 5-19

31. Dopamine pathways Neural Communication

32. Monoamine Neurotransmitters • Serotonin • found in raphe nuclei in brain stem • regulates temperature, sensory perception and sleep onset • LSD and antidepressants affect serotonin (antidepressants particularly affect serotonin reuptake)

33. Serotonin

34. Serotonin Pathways KW 5-19

35. Neural Communication Serotonin pathways

36. Drug Effects

37. Classes of NT