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Comprehensive Review and Exam Preparation for PHY 102: Key Concepts and Models

Prepare for your final exam with this thorough review of essential concepts from PHY 102. Today, we will evaluate the course, revisit pivotal ideas from earlier chapters, and work through sample problems. Key topics include the differences between scientific knowledge and beliefs, historical models of the solar system, Galileo's trials, Newton's laws of motion, work-energy principles, and wave properties. Engage in discussions and clarify any doubts. Don't miss the upcoming Finals Review session offered by the Julia N. Visor Academic Center.

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Comprehensive Review and Exam Preparation for PHY 102: Key Concepts and Models

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  1. Review Important Points from Earlier Chapters through In-class Exam #3.

  2. Reminders • Today we have course evaluation. • This will be followed by a review of what you should know for the final. • I will then go through a number of sample problems. • Finally, you are encouraged to ask questions about things you don’t understand. • We pick up with Chapter 13 having started the review on Tuesday.

  3. Review: Intro, Ch 1, and Ch 3. • Difference between scientific knowledge and unsubstantiated belief. • Ways we know rather than merely believe. • Heliocentrism and geocentrism – the models: • Homocentric spheres of Eudoxus. • Ptolemaic model including epicycles and deferents and how they explained the varying lengths of the seasons (equants). • Aristotle’s arguments against Earth’s motion. • Proofs of the size (Eratosthenes) and shape of the Earth.

  4. Review continued • Copernican, Tychonic, and Keplerian models • The telescopic observations of Galileo and how they crushed the Ptolemaic model but did NOT prove heliocentrism. • The trial of Galileo: (including special reading) • Empirical evidence not considered because this was not a trial of science, rather a trial of authority. • Galileo was suspected of heresy because he threatened the Greek basis for the existence of God and he did not take Bible literally. • Kepler’s 3 laws of planetary motion.

  5. Review: Chapter 4. • Role of Galileo in creating modern empirical science; claims based on observable evidence. • Constant and accelerated motion graphs. • slope, intercept, area under lines or curves. • Equations and definitions: • x = xo + vt (constant motion) • v = vo + at (constant acceleration) • x = xo + vot + 1/2at2 (accelerated motion)

  6. Review: Chapter 6. • Differences between vectors and scalars. • Displacement (D) and distance (d) • Velocity (v) and speed (s) • Distinctions – instantaneous and average speed or velocity. • v = ΔD/t s = Δx/t • The effect of acceleration upon velocity. • How to calculate average speed…

  7. Review: Chapter 7 • Newton’s three laws of motion: • Law of inertia, F=ma, FAB = -FBA • F = mΔv/Δt (leads to impulse-momentum relation) • How a horse CAN pull a cart despite third law • Solving problems using these laws of motion. • Momentum, p = mv • Solving problems using conservation of momentum principle, pi = pf

  8. Review: Chapter 8 • Work-energy relationship, Fd = ΔE (not be confused with impulse-momentum relationship, FΔt = mΔv) • Conservation of energy, Ei = Ef • Energy and power definitions: • KE = ½mv2 • PEg= mgh • PEe = ½kx2 • P = E/t

  9. Review: Chapter 9 • Newton’s law of universal gravitation was derived from a study of the moon’s orbit in comparison to the fall of an “apple” • W = mg where g = -GM/r2 = -9.81m/s2 • Fg = -GMm/r2 • PEg = -GMm/r (analogous to PEg = mgh but not the same because g varies with height)

  10. Review: Chapter 11 • Definitions of wave forms: transverse and longitudinal • Definitions: • Amplitude, wavelength, frequency, speed, period • T = 1/f and λf = v • Note well that v = c = 3 x 108m/s if we are dealing with electromagnetic radiation • Polarization, interference, diffraction • The Doppler effect, Δλ/λ = v/c (non-relativistic)

  11. Review: Chapter 12 • Evidence for + and – charges. • Coulomb’s law: • F = kq1q2/r2 • Parallel to Newton’s law of gravitation • Electric fields: • replace “action at a distance” • Forces propagated at the speed of light • Field lines and the “test particle” • F = Eq (E, field strength, is measured in N/C)

  12. Review: Chapter 13 • Faraday – first produced electricity from magnetism and introduced magnetic field • Örsted – discovers that flowing electrical charges produce a magnetic field. • Earth’s magnetic field: • Earth’s south magnetic pole in northern hemisphere • Produced by a poorly understood dynamo effect • Electricity is produced by spinning a coil of wire in the presence of a magnetic field. • Current flow is related to the time-rate change of flux.

  13. And finally… • The Julia N. Visor Academic Center probably will be offering a Finals Review session for PHY 102

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