New World Beginnings 33,000 B.C. to 1789

1. New World Beginnings33,000 B.C. to 1789 Chapter 1

2. Native American Worlds • The first Americans migrated from Asia between 13,000 B.C. - 11,000 B.C. across a land bridge between Siberia & Alaska following herds of biggame

3. Horticulture • Native Americans developed horticulture around 3000 B.C. • The Agricultural surplus led to the development of wealthy societies in Mexico, Peru, and the Mississippi River Valley • How did horticulture change Native American culture? (discuss w/ partner)

4. The Mayans • The flowering of civ. began among the Mayan people of the Yucatan peninsula • They built large religious/urban centers, pyramids, advances in astronomy, predicted solar & lunar eclipses, & a more advanced calendar than Europeans at the time. By 800 A.D. Mayan civilization declined

6. The Aztecs • A 2nd major civilization, the Aztecs, built city of Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) in 1325 A.D. & established a hierarchical social order & subjugated most of central Mexico • Priests/Warrior-nobles ruled over 20 clans of commoners • Aztec = strong political/military institutions & were difficult to challenge • After the next slide, with a partner, explain some of the accomplishments of the Mayans and Aztecs. The Aztec Rain & Lightening God Cocijo

8. Indians North of the Rio Grande • These groups = less coercive, smaller and composed of clans • Plains Indians depended on the Buffalo • Arapaho, Hopewell, and Sioux were among some of the tribes in Plains • In So.West the Hohokan, Mogollon, cultures dev. In 600 A.D., & Anasazi in 900 A.D. • Drought brought on collapse of these cultures

10. Traditional European Society in 1450 • 90% of population in Europe in 1450 = peasants – mortality rates = high • Co-operative farming – bartered for supplies • Most peasants wanted to be yeoman farmers (vs. serfs/peasasnts) to have a more comfortable lifestyle, few were able to • European life followed seasonal pattern, like Native Americans

12. The Power of Religion • Roman Catholic Church served as one of the great unifying forces in Western Euro. Society – Church provided authority & discipline • Christian doctrine permeated peasant lives; to avoid famine & plague, Christians offered prayer & turned to priests for advice • Rulers crushed other religions or heretics and between 1096 and 1291, successive armies of Christians embarked on Crusades; Muslims were the prime target for Crusaders

13. Europe encounters Africa & the Americas, 1450-1550 • Contact with Arab scholars, combined w/ reintroduction of Greek/Roman ideas, propelled Europe into a “rebirth” of learning known as the renaissance • Civic humanism, which celebrated virtue and public service, was sponsored by the new ruling class of merchants • The new found wealth of the nation states propelled Europe into expansion’ Portugal led European expansion overseas, and Spain soon followed; Explorers came in contact with West Africa in the 1400s. • Many African societies were hierarchical; ruled by princes similar to Aztec/Mayan; most farmed & lived w/ extended families. Identified themselves according to lineage; ie – the Mande along the upper Niger • With a partner, compare and contrast Native American culture, European culture, and African culture.

15. The Protestant Reformation and the Rise of England • Began in Germany in early 1500’s when Martin Luther posted his 95 theses on a church in Wittenburg – his major problem w/ the church = sale of indulgences • New religious doctrines, increased literacy, & corruption in the Church divided society into Catholics and Protestants • John Calvin introduced idea of predestination – idea God determines who will be saved before they are born • Calvinists & Lutherans won converts across Europe

16. Henry the VIII • Henry VIII (in 1533) wanted to divorce his wife Catherine and the Catholic pope denied his request • The king broke with the Catholic Church and established the Church of England, or the Anglican Church and made himself Head of the Church • Elizabeth I, Henry VIII’s daughter, combined Lutheranism and Calvinism and firmly established Protestantism in England, while his other daughter, Mary, held on to Catholicism • Some Protestants wanted to further purify the Church of England and called themselves Puritans • With a partner, explain how the reformation started in Germany and in England. How did it impact the Catholic Church?

18. The Dutch & English Challenge Spain • King Phillip II wanted to eliminate Protestantism from the Netherlands • In 1581 the 7 northern provinces of the Spanish Netherlands declared their independence and became Holland • In 1588 the Spanish Armada sailed to re-impose Catholic rule on England and was defeated • Dutch republic became leading commercial power in Europe • England’s economy stimulated by rising population and mercantilism

19. The Social Causes of English Colonization • The “price revolution” and inflation caused social changes in England • In 2 generations the price of goods tripled • The Enclosure Movement forced many peasants off their lands • The House of Commons gained influence & rich commoners and small property owners had a voice – consequences for English and American political history • Religious differences between Anglicans and Puritans caused much tension prompting many Puritans to leave England. • What were some motivating factors behind English colonization?