The Progressive Reform Era

1. The Progressive Reform Era Chapter 28 - 29 The Origins of Progressivism (2/10)

2. Goals of Progressives • Improve working conditions • Improve sanitation • End corruption of government “use the government as an agent for human welfare “

3. Why did we need to be reformed? In other words, what was wrong with turn-of-the-century America?

4. The Progressive Era (1890 - 1920) • Industrial revolution led to new industries and products - everything from automobiles to skyscrapers 1909 Ford Model T

5. Flat Iron Building • Located at Broadway, 23rd, and 5th Avenues • Built in 1902 • Designed by Daniel Burnham • It is the oldest surviving skyscraper in NYC

6. Industrial Revolution also led to: • Great social changes • Foreign policy

7. The Progressive Era • ______________ economics – Little or no government interference in business • Few labor laws for safety, child labor, minimum wage • The gap between the rich and the poor widened • The top _____of the population controlled _____ of the nation’s wealth

8. Labor • Coal miners, textile, steel and railroad workers were underpaid for dangerous, difficult work • Unions met with resistance from _________ _________________, as well as owners • Wages were below _______________

9. Progressive Reform Organizations • The Labor Movement • ___________________was goal • organized and used strikes • owners often able to get ______________to stop strikes

10. Anthracite Coal Miner Strike May 12 – October 23, 1902 Families were evicted from their company-owned housing. Coal miners and their families attempted to survive on dandelion soup and by picking waste coal for heat. Many did not survive.

11. _____________– a 3rd party listens to both sides and makes a decision on a settlement • Owners refused to go to arbitration until President Roosevelt threatened to _______________the coal mines if they refused. • The coal miners won improved wages and hours but the owners refused to recognize their union.

12. Coal Miners Salary 1902 • According to the Citizen’s Voice (Wilkes-Barre) Coal miners earned ______a year • Expenses for housing and first aid were deducted • Varied by location of mine, method of payment, and company expenses • Result of strike was______raise • Reduced hours to ___ hours a day, ___ days a week, 52 weeks a year • (2011 ) Approximately ___________a year when adjusted for inflation • (2011 ) Poverty level for family of 4 – $22, 350

13. _________________ • Popular belief that by helping the disadvantaged, you hurt society as a whole.

14. _______________ • True Christianity requires a commitment to social justice and responsibility for your fellow man.

15. What types of people were “Progressive”? • Belonged to all political parties, including Republican, Democrat, and Socialist • Tended to be:

16. ___________________ • Person that ‘mucks’ stalls • Journalists, authors, and photographers that exposed the corruption in society • Worried about being sued, Muckraking Magazines like ___________ spent up to $3,000 verifying its stories

17. Examples: • Upton Sinclair – The Jungle • Ida Tarbell – History of the Standard Oil Company • Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of Cities “….the form of our government from one that is representative of the people to an oligarchy, representative of special interests.”

18. Review of economic systems: • ____________ – Private ownership of the means of production • Motivation is_________ • Requires ___________________ • Socialism – _______________ownership of the means of production • Motivation “To each what he needs” • _______________, usually through elections • _______________ – Socialism by force if necessary

19. Progressive Reform Organizations • Socialist Party • formed in __________ • many people thought only through government owned industry would workers ever get better conditions • ____________most famous member • not a popular movement then or now • many of Debs’ positions were adopted by other parties, such as the minimum wage • _____________ – Labor union of Socialists

20. Progressive Reform Organizations • Women’s Movement • worked for: • better working conditions for women and children • right to vote • Prohibition • _____________– founder of Hull House in Chicago • _____________– state of IL 1st chief factory inspector (former resident of Hull House) • ____________– led coal miners on strike in PA

21. Progressive Legislation Reforms are often a result of tragedy

22. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire • Saturday afternoon - 500 workers in the 10 story building. • Fire began on the 9th floor - quickly erupted into an inferno • Service elevator became an inferno • Crowded a fire escape, which tore away from the side of the building and collapsed. • Went to the roof and found they were trapped

23. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire • Many of the stairways and exits were blocked or locked. • The NYFD did not have the equipment to rescue the women • In desperation, many jumped to their deaths

24. Justice?Eight months after the fire, a jury acquitted Blanck and Harris, the factory owners, of any wrong doing. The task of the jurors had been to determine whether the owners knew that the doors were locked at the time of the fire.

25. Justice? Instead of enacting building regulations, many cities responded by passing legislation restricting work for women in the garment industry

26. Galveston Hurricane - 1900 Unnamed hurricane hit Galveston Island Sept. 8, 1900 Category 4 winds and a 15 foot storm surge _____________ people died Wind speeds were estimated at between 131 and 155 mph.

27. Galveston Hurricane - 1900 • Local government unprepared • Started a new municipal government with a city council and business manager • Model was later picked up throughout the country

28. Government Reform • State reform: • Several states passed laws setting minimum wages, child labor restrictions, and fair business practices • Most of them were found

29. Theodore Roosevelt • Gave a ‘______________’ to miners in 1902 • Became his campaign slogan in 1904 • Accomplishments: • _______________ • Believed trusts made production more efficient and were here to stay • Broke up illegal trusts that used collusion to gain market shares • _________________ • Elkins Act 1903 & Hepburn Act of 1906 • Ended rebates and set min. & max. rates

30. Theodore Roosevelt • 1906 __________________ • Inspections of meat • Prevention of mislabeled pharmaceuticals • _________________established • Added _______________acres to our national parks ands forests

31. _________________________ • Upheld Oregon law limiting work hours based on the frailty of women • Helped women by limiting work hours to ___ per day • Hurt them by reinforcing the stereotype that women were *Lobbied for by Florence Kelley & Louis Brandeis

32. Government Reform • Federal reforms: • 16th– • 17th– direct election of senators • 18th – prohibition • 19th – women’s suffrage

33. President Taft

34. Taft’s Presidency Mistakes: • Did not appoint a __________ cabinet • Did not _______ non-progressive legislation • Did not use the justice department to enforce environmental laws

35. Taft’s Presidency • Tariffs • Ran on a platform of _____________ • House passed some reductions • Republicans added some protective increases • Result –

36. Taft’s Presidency • ____________________ • Pinchot • Head of US Forest Service • Major Conservationist at the time • Ballinger • Secretary of the Interior • Allowed Businesses to acquire several million acres of land in Alaska

37. Taft’s Presidency • Pinchot • Protested against Ballinger to Taft • Taft

38. Republican Party • Midterm Elections • Roosevelt • Returns from safari • Begins to campaign for the Progressives • Business regulations • Welfare laws • Workplace protection • Voting reform • Income and inheritance taxes • Progressive Republicans elected • “Old Guard” less political power NEW NATIONALISM

39. The Elections of 1912 • Taft wins the Republican nomination • Progressive Republicans leave, vowing to create their own party. • August 1912, The Progressive Party nominates Roosevelt • Nickname the ___________________

40. The Election of 1912 • Bull Moose Party • Platform • Tariff Reduction • Women’s Suffrage • Regulation of Business • Child Labor Ban • 8-hour work day • Workman’s Compensation • Direct Election of Senators

41. Taft Followed many Progressive Reforms Still very unpopular with Progressive Republicans Wilson Democrat Ran on a Reform platform Criticized both Big Business and Big Government The Election of 1912 *3 “Progressives” running against each other

42. Popular Vote:1912 Election Taft – Roosevelt – Wilson – Other –

43. President Wilson

44. Southern Democrat _________________________ Advocated small business and small government Opinionated and not given to compromise Appealed directly to the public when Congress failed to support his initiatives Won re-election in 1916 with the promise to keep Americans out of World War I. Wilson Presidency

45. Tariffs and Taxes Underwood Tariff Act of 1913 Reduced Tariffs from 16th Amendment Progressive tax Income tax legislation signed in 1913 Wilson Presidency

46. Wilson’s Presidency • Federal Reserve System • Federal Reserve Act of 1913 • Divided the country into 12 Districts of Banking • Member banks could borrow money from the FRB to meet short term demands • Chairperson “The Fed” • Authorized to issue paper money and increase/decrease circulation

47. Federal Trade Commission Ability to order firms to cease and desist unfair business tactics Wilson Presidency

48. Clayton Anti-Trust Act Strengthened _____________________ ______________ were not illegal trusts Legalized Wilson Presidency

49. Workingmen’s Compensation Act of 1916 Gave federal ___________________________worker’s compensation benefits Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916 Gave farmers low-interest loans Wilson Presidency

50. Wilson’s Presidency • Louis D. Brandeis • Appointed to the Supreme Court • Many thought Brandeis was too radical • First Jewish person on Supreme Court • Upheld many progressive laws