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Muscles

Learn about the functional anatomy and key muscles of the upper and lower limbs, enhance strength, endurance, and flexibility through fitness and exercise, and understand disorders like paralysis, strains, and abnormal contractions. Dive into detailed explanations and terminology to grasp a thorough understanding of muscle health.

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Muscles

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  1. Muscles

  2. Muscles Functional anatomy of the Upper Limb- trapezius: attached to scapula and axial skeleton. Due to muscle shape it is capable of moving bones in several directions.- Deltoid: Over shoulder- Bicep brachii: bends forearm at the elbow- Tricepbrachii: extends forearm - Brachialis: beneath bicep, flexes forearm.- Brachioradialis: In forearm, flexing of wrist

  3. Muscles Functional anatomy of the Upper Limb

  4. Muscles Functional anatomy of the Lower Limb- Generally bulkier and more powerful than upper limb but allow less freedom of movement- Gluteal muscles: from pelvis to femur. (largest is gluteus maximus)Three main muscle groups: 1) Hamstrings: bend leg at knee, extend thigh backwards (back of leg)2) Quadriceps: strong extensors of knee joint (front of leg)3) Adductors; move thigh towards centre line, antagonistic to gluteal muscles

  5. Muscles Functional anatomy of the Lower Limb - Lower leg: Gastrocnemius: More prominent section of ‘calf’- Soleus: supports gastrocnemius, points toes down- Calcanean(Achilles) tendon: attached to heel bone- Anterior tibialis: bends foot forwards -for striding gait (front of far lower leg)- Posterior tibialis: support for longitudinal arch (back of extreme lower leg)

  6. Muscles Functional anatomy of the Lower Limb

  7. Muscles Fitness and Exercise- Improve muscular strength, endurance & flexibility.Strength: force muscular group can exert against a resistance in one effortEndurance: contract repeatedly or sustain contraction over a period of timeFlexibility: Range of movement about a joint- Improves Cardiorespiratory endurance (heart rate/capacity)- Increased High-density lipoprotein (LDH) in blood (less plaque in vessels)- Lowers risk of Cardiovascular disease/cancer- Improve bone density/strength- Prevents osteoporosis, weight gain, depression- Atrophy: decrease in muscle size due to inactivityTo increase muscle size: muscle must contract to 75% of maximum tension

  8. MusclesDisorders of Muscle TissueParalysis:- Damage to spinal cord, loss of all sensation and voluntary muscle movement- Paraplegia: paralysis of both lower limbs- Quadriplegia: paralysis of all four limbsStrain: - overstretching a muscle or tendon Abnormal contractions:Spasm: sudden, involuntary, for short periodsCramp: involuntary, sustained contractionConvulsion: violent, involuntary contraction of an entire muscle group

  9. Muscles Disorders of Muscle TissueAbnormal contractions:Fibrillation: uncoordinated contraction of muscle fibres. (muscle can’t contract smoothly)Tics: involuntary spasmodic twitching of voluntary muscles. (often in eyelids, face muscles)Muscular Dystrophy:- Inherited muscle wasting disease.- Degeneration of individual muscle cells, leading to reduction in muscle size.- Increase in connective tissue- 2 main forms Duchenne (mainly in men), fascioscapulohumeral(both sexes)

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