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WORLD HISTORY: Unit 4. The Triumph of NATIONALISM. An Age of Ideologies.
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WORLD HISTORY:Unit 4 The Triumph of NATIONALISM
An Age of Ideologies • Following Napoleon’s defeat, the Congress of Vienna began to exercise control in Europe. It represented conservative (those who are for maintaining the status quo) ideas that came into conflict with the ideologies of liberalism (those who are for change)and nationalism (the love of one’s country; those who desire freedom for their nation).
Ideological Goals • Nationalism • Freedom/Independence from oppressive and/or external rule Conservatism • Monarchies • Rigid social structure • Supported established churches • Little/No change Liberalism • Constitutional Government (w/ sep. of powers) • Natural Rights • Laissez-Faire • Universal Male Suffrage (eventually)
Latin American Discontent • Three main reasons for discontent in Latin America: • Rigid ethnic and social hierarchy (social class system) • Peninsulares (Spanish-born people) controlled both political and social life; they looked down on, and oppressed, the other classes • Creoles (relatively wealthy folks of European descent) • Mestizos (European and Native American mix) • Mulattoes (European and African mix) • Enlightenment ideas had spread to Latin America • Napoleon • Latin Americans began to rebel when Napoleon conquered Spain—they grabbed for their freedom from oppression and external/foreign rule
Latin American Revolutions • With Napoleon’s conquest of Spain, Latin Americans started to rebel. • This rising wave of nationalism led many Latin American nations to overthrow their colonial powers in an effort to become a free and independent nation. There were many leaders, but some of the most important leaders were: • Toussaint L’Ouverture —led slave uprising in Haiti • Father Miguel Hidalgo —Catholic priest who urged Mexicans to rebel • Simon Bolivar —worked to liberate Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia (along with Jose de San Martin)
BUILDING A GERMAN NATION • In the early 1800s, German speaking people lived in many small states, as well as in Prussia (Germany to be) and Austria. German people wanted unification. • This demand continued into the 1860s when Otto von Bismarck was named chancellor, or prime minister of Prussia. Due in great part to his strong will, Bismarck will unite the German states under Prussian rule within a decade. • He utilized the policy of Realpolitik (realistic programs based upon the needs of the state) to his advantage in gaining, and keeping, power.
Bismarck began strengthening the Prussian military and, in 1864, invaded Denmark. Once he defeated Denmark, he turned his attention to Austria.
In 1866, Prussia invaded Austria and soundly defeated them in a mere seven weeks (Seven Weeks War). Bismarck took several more German states and his unification efforts were well under way. • The aggressiveness of Prussia worried French ruler Napoleon III. There had already been a growing rivalry between the two countries and it will lead to the eventual start of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870.
Bismarck will cause this war by editing what is known as the “Ems Dispatch.” This was a telegram that reported on a meeting between Prussian Emperor William I and the French ambassador. • Bismarck made the Ems Dispatch sound insulting to both the ambassador and French people. This angered the French government and led to a declaration of war on Prussia. • The war was swift and devastating as the Prussian army crushed the badly organized and poorly supplied French military. The French were forced to accept a humiliating peace treaty.
Causes/Results of the Franco-Prussian War • Below are both causes and results of the Franco-Prussian War… Decide which each is and place them in the categories of causes or results: • German empire takes a leading role in Europe • German states unite under William I • The EMS Dispatch is released • Control of Germany rests with William I and Bismarck • Quick victory for Prussia • Rivalry between France and Prussia intensifies • Collapse of the Second Empire of France
(Following the defeat of France) In January, 1871, German nationalists celebrated the birth of the Second Reich, or empire. (It was called this because Germans considered the Holy Roman Empire to be the First Reich.) • A two-house legislature was created consisting of the Bundesrat and Reichstag. • Reichstag- (Lower house) Filled by the people • Bundesrat- (Upper house) Filled by appointments from the rulers of the German states and could veto any Reichstag decision **Power remained in the hands of the emperor and chancellor as a result of this.
SECT. 2 STRENGTHENING GERMANY • After their unification, Germany emerged as an industrial giant in Europe. This was due in great part to the fact that Germany had founded many large companies that served as a base for future expansion. • The German government also did several things to promote economic development: • Issued a single form of German currency- money • Reorganized the national banking system
Bismarck also pursued several foreign policies, the most significant being to keep France as weak and isolated as possible. • Bismarck’s merciless foreign policy, coupled with his strict domestic (home) policies, earned him the nickname “Iron Chancellor.” • Bismarck instituted the “Kulturkampf” (culture war) in an attempt to … He attacked the: • Catholic church. • This plan backfired as German Catholics were devoted to their faith. The church actually gained power in the government as a result of Bismarck’s actions. • Socialists
They (the Socialists) were demanding a parliamentary democracy and better working conditions for the working class. • He tried to weaken the socialists by wooing workers away from socialism by sponsoring laws to protect them. • His plan was at least partially successful, but, ultimately, did not stop the growing socialist movement in Germany.
In 1888, William II became Kaiser, or emperor, of Germany. He shocked all of Europe by asking Bismarck to resign as chancellor. He did this for two main reasons: • He felt threatened by Bismarck • He said there was room for only one master in the Reich German Kaiser William II (aka Wilhelm II)
UNIFICATION OF ITALY ASSIGNMENT • Giuseppe Mazzini Count Camillo CavourVictor Emmanuel II Giuseppe Garibaldi • Using Chapter 10 Sect. 3 of your text answer the following questions regarding the role these gentlemen played in unifying Italy: 1) How did he rise to leadership? 2) What were his ideals/goals? 3) What methods did he use? 4) What were the reasons for his successes or failures? (Notebook paper is fine.) • Once finished with this part of the assignment, construct a timeline much like the one on p275 of your text. This timeline should focus on important events in Italy’s history from 1831-1871. The timeline needs to be on construction paper with no lead pencil showing.
SECT. 3: UNIFYING ITALY • Italy had not experienced unification since Roman Empire times. Since then, it had been a battleground for ambitious foreign and local princes. • Following the defeat of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna ignored Italian nationalists wanting freedom and unification. • In response to being ignored, Italian nationalists will take matters into their own hands and focus attention on expelling Austrian forces in northern Italy.
In 1852, Count Camillo Cavour became prime minister of the Italian kingdom of Sardinia. In 1858, Cavour secretly negotiated a deal with France who promised to aid Sardinia if it faced a war with Austria. (Basically, he worked toward the unification of Italy using tactics and ideas similar to those of Bismarck.) • Even though he improved Sardinia through reforms, he had no patience for regionalism. • Ultimately, he was unsuccessful, but Sardinia did defeat Austria.
In southern Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi and his volunteer army captured Sicily and Naples with the help of Cavour. When Sardinian forces overran the Papal States and connected with Garibaldi’s forces, and all other armies left Italy, the country was unified!
There were still problems to be handled in regard to unification: • Hostility between the Italian government and the Catholic Church arose due to seizure of the Papal States (area owned and run by the Catholic Church). The Pope called on all Italians NOT to support the government (almost all Italians were Catholic). • Population explosion created great tension in Italy too. This will be partially relieved by emigration or movement away from one’s homeland.
SECT. 4: NATIONALISM THREATENS OLD EMPIRES • Austrian emperor Francis I of the Hapsburg family and foreign minister Metternich had been working to keep the empire conservative in the face of growing liberal forces. • They had been successful by limiting industrial development, but they could do little to stop progress as traditional ways of life were being threatened. • Nationalism also threatened Austria (since it was a multi-national empire full of ethnic groups who had increasingly nationalistic feelings).
After a humiliating military defeat in 1859, Austrian rulers realized they had to strengthen the country domestically or risk being destroyed from the inside out. (They began to focus on pleasing the people.) • One way they tried to strengthen the country was by granting a new constitution that allowed for a legislature. (a move toward liberalism!) • This ultimately failed as the legislature was dominated by German-speaking people and the other nationalities were left unsatisfied.
Following Austria’s crushing defeat to Prussia, the Dual-Monarchy of Austria-Hungary was created. • Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria remained Austria’s emperor and also became king of Hungary. • This didn’t help the situation, and problems remained. • The Ottoman Empire was in much the same situation as Austria. It was also a multinational empire . (The main part is Turkey). • In the mid 1800s, the Ottoman Empire was known as “the sick man of Europe.” This was due to their continued weakening and other European countries sweeping in to take part of their empire wherever possible.
The southeastern part of Europe, including what is now Turkey down through Greece, is called the Balkan region. This region is home to several Slavic nationalities and has always been unstable. • In the late 1800s, a series of wars and crises dominated the Balkans. Due to instability, it got the nickname “the powder keg of Europe.” This region will play a key role in what will become World War I.
