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Femicide

Femicide. By: Heriberto Marquez Advisor: Dr. Ruben Mendoza Major: Social and behavioral Science Concentration: Anthropology Spring 2017. Femicide. “Is the killing of women qua women, often condoned by, if not sponsored, by the state and/or by religious institutions.”

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Femicide

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  1. Femicide By: Heriberto Marquez Advisor: Dr. Ruben Mendoza Major: Social and behavioral Science Concentration: Anthropology Spring 2017

  2. Femicide • “Is the killing of women qua women, often condoned by, if not sponsored, by the state and/or by religious institutions.” • -Jill Radford and Diana E.H. Russel • Femicide: The Politics of Women Killing

  3. Research Question What are the causes of and reactions to femicide in Ciudad Juarez? What are the levels of awareness outside of Ciudad Juarez?

  4. Background • Femicides increased in frequency in the early 1990s • From 1993 through 2008 more than 500 women and girls were violently murdered in Ciudad Juarez. • Bodies were found strangled, mutilated, dismembered, raped, stabbed, and/or burned. • Some bodies can no longer be identified • Thousands of women remain missing -Gaspar De Alba, & Guzmàn (2011)

  5. Importance • Femicide continues unabated in Ciudad Juarez • Apparent lack of awareness outside of Ciudad Juarez • Personal Considerations • Family currently residing in Ciudad Juarez

  6. Theory • Social Disorganization Theory • “An inability of community members to achieve shared values or to solve jointly experienced problems.” • -Robert J. Bursik Jr. • Social Controls • Private • Parochial • Public

  7. Methodology • Background Research • Questionnaire • 52 CSUMB participants • 38 Females • 14 Males • Primary Source Data • Published testimonials • Personal Observation

  8. Levels of Awareness

  9. Causes • Social • Patriarchy • The belief that women are subordinate to males • Rapid and unchecked growth of Ciudad Juarez • Economic • North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) • Maquiladoras • Most of the women abducted and killed worked in the industrial sector of the city (Wright, 2011) • Governmental • Local government officials interpret the violence in terms of poor personal choices and criminal activity • Victims often construed as living “double lives”

  10. Reactions • Family • “Ni una mas/Not one more” Movement • Rastreos- families going out to the desert and looking for remains • Companies • Maximize growth, minimize costs • Blame Mexican Femininity for lack of training (Wright ,2011) • Government • Tendency to blame the victim • Did not investigate thoroughly (Lagarde Y De Los Rios, M. 2010)

  11. Family Testimonials • “I keep going to the DA’s office with the hope of finding her alive or dead, but none of the officials there care. It’s been eleven years, and there is still no response.”- Eva Arce Mother of Silvia Arce • “I confronted the authorities. I yelled at them that it was their fault for not having searched for her, and that was why she was dead now. It has been more than seven years, and they still haven’t found the murder.”-Norma Ledezma Ortega, Mother of Paloma Angelica EscobarLedezma

  12. Government Collusion • “In 1996, in the midst of the ongoing serial killings, then Governor Francisco Barrio remarked that the killings were within the range of what was to be expected in a city like Juarez. Other state and local officials have justified their lack of investigative fervor by stressing that many of the victims have been prostitutes and involved in the drug trade.”-(Lourdes Godinez Leal 2008)

  13. Conclusions • Social disorganization theory contends that strong relationship networks combat and prevent crime. In Ciudad Juarez, social networks have frayed under the weight of unchecked development. Privately, the citizens of Ciudad Juarez seek justice, but the lack of resources and the will to investigate assures a place for the ongoing femicide. This, in turn, creates an environment of distrust. The only social control that has thrived remains the parochial. • Sadly, any awareness that once existed for this issue has long passed. Survey results from the CSUMB campus only serve to highlight the lack of awareness that continues to threaten the women of Ciudad Juarez.

  14. Recommendations • Increased penalties for domestic violence, including restraining orders, counseling, and minimum security incarceration where necessary • Hold maquiladoras accountable for the safety of their employees by way of increased security, lighting, and shuttle services for employees (mandated certification and pick up locations for taxis and all other forms of public transportation). • Public education directed and law enforcement, government officials, and the community • Promote and enhance training of law enforcement, community advocates, and coroners in criminalistics, and essential skeletal analysis protocols. • Create an international online platform where forensic investigators can work collaboratively toward the identification of the victim’s remains. • Identification of the victims will permit the families to mourn, and make possible the potential prosecution of perpetrators

  15. Literature Cited • Gaspar de Alba A., Guzman G. (2011).Making a Killing : Femicide, Free • Trade, and La Frontera. (2010). Austin: University of Texas Press. • Lagarde Y De Los Rios, M. (2010). Preface: Feminist Keys for • Understanding Feminicde. In R. L. Fregoso & C. Bejarano, (Eds.) Terrorizing women: feminicide in the Américas (xi-xxviii) Durham: Duke University Press. • Wright, M. (2011). Necropolitics, Narcopolitics, and Femicide: Gendered • Violence on the Mexico-U.S. Border. Signs,36(3), 707-731. doi:1. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/657496 doi:1

  16. Thank you • Family and Friends • Dr. Ruben Mendoza • Dr. Michelle Lewis • Dr. Gerald Shenk • Dr. MrinalSinha • Dr. Juan Jose Gutierrez • Dr. Yong Lao • EOSP Staff • UROC Staff

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