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Intimate Partner Femicide: The 12 City Femicide Study With Femicide-Suicide

Intimate Partner Femicide: The 12 City Femicide Study With Femicide-Suicide. Jacquelyn Campbell PhD RN FAAN Anna D. Wolf Endowed Chair & Professor Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing Multi City Intimate Partner Femicide Study Funded by: NIDA/NIAA, NIMH, CDC, NIJ VAWA R01 DA/AA1156.

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Intimate Partner Femicide: The 12 City Femicide Study With Femicide-Suicide

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  1. Intimate Partner Femicide: The 12 City Femicide Study With Femicide-Suicide Jacquelyn Campbell PhD RN FAAN Anna D. Wolf Endowed Chair & Professor Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing Multi City Intimate Partner Femicide Study Funded by: NIDA/NIAA, NIMH, CDC, NIJ VAWA R01 DA/AA1156

  2. HOMICIDE IN BATTERING RELATIONSHIPS • 40 - 50% OF US WOMEN KILLED BY HUSBAND, BF OR EX (vs. 5-8% of men) (9 times rate killed by a stranger) • 7th leading cause of premature death for US women; #2 cause of death-African & Native American women 15-34 yo • Immigrant women at increased risk in NYC (Wilt ’04) • US – At least 2/3 of women killed – battered prior – if male killed – prior wife abuse in 75% of cases (Campbell, ‘92; Morocco et al, ‘98) • More at risk when leaving or left (Wilson & Daly, ‘93; Campbell et. al. ’01; Websdale ‘99) – 1st 3 mos & 1st year - but eventually more safe • Women far more likely victims of homicide-suicide (29% vs.1% male-US–29.3 vs. 2.3%-Canada) 40% - Ontario (DVDRC ‘06) • 44-47% of women killed seen in health care system before killed (Sharps, Campbell ’02; Wadman & Muelleman ‘99)

  3. INTIMATE PARTNER FEMICIDE BY PERPETRATOR IN TEN CITIES (N= 311) (same sex intimate femicides – Glass et al., 2004) EX-BF OTHER EX-SPOUSE BOYFRIEND SPOUSE

  4. U.S. INTIMATE PARTNER HOMICIDE RATE DECLINE 1976-06 FBI (SHR, 1976-02; BJS ’05, ‘07) FEMALE MALE 2004, 05 - no ex’s

  5. Decline in Intimate Partner Homicide and Femicide • Decline in male victimization in states where improved DV laws and services - resource availability (Browne & Williams ’89; ’98, Dugan, Nagin, & Rosenfeld ‘99) • Exposure reduction - increased female earnings, lower marriage rate, higher divorce rate (Dugan, Nagin & Rosenfeld ’99; Smith & Brewer ’90) • Gun availability decline (Wilt ‘97; Block ‘95; Kellerman ‘93, ‘97- gun increases risk X3) – special issue of Evaluation Review ’06 – Sorenson, Special Editor

  6. Decrease by Race - Intimate Homicide Rate By Race Age 20-44 FBI, (SHR), 1976-96 A.A. Female A.A. Male Anglo Female Anglo Male

  7. U.S. INTIMATE PARTNER HOMICIDE RATES & DOMESTIC VIOLENCE SERVICES 1976-9 (Resources per 50 million - Dugan, Nagin & Rosenfeld ‘03)

  8. INTIMATE PARTNER HOMICIDE: KILLED BY GUNS US ‘76-’02 (SHR) (>2/3 of intimates) With Guns Without Guns

  9. Early work on Femicide • Dayton, OH study on IP homicide – 28 women & 26 men killed by intimate partners – prior DV in 66% of female cases; 75% of male (Campbell ‘81 & ’92) • Several women seen in local ED’s before killed • Others – police called but nothing done • Power and control issues clear in reports • Further work developing and refining and testing Danger Assessment (Campbell ‘86; ’89; ‘92 - & ‘08)

  10. Femicide Risk Study(Funded by: NIDA/NIAA, NIMH, CDC, NIJ VAWA R01 DA/AA1156) Purpose: Identify and establish risk factors for IP femicide – (over and above domestic violence) Significance: Determine strategies to prevent IP femicide – especially amongst battered women – Approximately half of victims (54% of actual femicides; 45% of attempteds) did not accurately perceive their risk – that perpetrator was capable of killing her &/or would kill her

  11. R. Block, PhD (ICJA) D. Campbell, PhD, RN (FSU) J. McFarlane, DrPH, RN (TWU) C. Sachs MD, MPH (UCLA) P. Sharps, PhD, RN (GWU) Y. Ulrich, PhD, RN (UW) S. Wilt, PhD (NYC DOH) F. Gary, PhD, RN (UFl) M.A. Curry PhD, RN (OHSU) N. Glass, PhD, RN (OHSU) J. Koziol-McLain, PhD, RN (JHU) J.Schollenberger MPH (JHU) A. Kellerman, MD, MPH (Emory) X. Xu, MSN (JHU) Kathryn Chouaf, MSN (JHU) RISK FACTORS FOR INTIMATE PARTNER FEMICIDE: RESEARCH TEAM(Funded by: NIDA/NIAA, NIMH, CDC, NIJ VAWA R01 DA/AA1156)

  12. Baltimore Chicago Houston Kansas City, KA&MO Los Angelos New York Portland, OR Seattle, WA Tampa/St. Pete Wichita, KA P. Sharps (GWU) B. Block (ICJA) J. McFarlane (TWU) Y. Ulrich (UW) C. Sachs (UCLA) S. Wilt (NYDOH) M. A. Curry (OHSU) Y. Ulrich (UW) D. Campbell (FSU) Y. Ulrich (UW) RISK FACTORS FOR INTIMATE PARTNER FEMICIDE: CITIES AND CO-INVESTIGATORS(Funded by: NIDA/NIAA, NIMH, CDC, NIJ VAWA R01 DA/AA1156)

  13. Case Control Design

  14. Addition of Attempted Femicides

  15. Definition: Attempted Femicide • GSW or SW to the head, neck or torso. • Strangulation or near drowning with loss of consciousness. • Severe injuries inflicted that easily could have led to death. • GSW or SW to other body part with unambiguous intent to kill. • If none of above, unambiguous intent to kill.

  16. PRIOR PHYSICAL ABUSE & STALKING EXPERIENCED ONR YEAR PRIOR TO FEMICIDE (N=311) & ATTEMPTED FEMICIDE (N=182) Femicide 70% 66% 62% 87% 30% 58% Attempted 72% 54% 60% 95% 28% 72% • Prior physical abuse • Increased in frequency • Increased in severity • Stalked • No prior physical abuse • Stalked

  17. INTIMATE PARTNER ABUSED CONTROLS (N = 356) • Random sample selected from same cities as femicide and attempted femicide cases • Telephone survey conducted 11/98 - 9/99 using random digit dialing • Women in household 18-50 years old & most recently celebrated a birthday • Women abused (including sexual assault & threats) by an intimate partner w/in 2 years prior – modified CTS • Safety protocols followed

  18. Sample – (only those cases with prior physical abuse or threats)

  19. Sociodemographic comparisons Mean Age Fem/Att Perp = 36 Abuse Perp = 31 Fem/Att Victim = 34 Abuse Victim = 29

  20. DANGER ASSESSMENT ITEMS COMPARING ACTUAL & ATTEMPTED FEMICIDE SURVIVORS (N=493) & ABUSED (WITHIN PAST 24 MONTHS) CONTROLS (N=427) (*p < .05) Att/Actual 56% 62% 50% 64% 39% 55% 57% 54% 16% 4.6 Control 24% 18% 10% 16% 12% 23% 14% 24% 22% 2.4 • Physical violence increased in frequency* • Physical violence increased in severity * • Partner tried to choke victim * • A gun is present in the house * • Partner forced victim to have sex * • Partner used street drugs * • Partner threatened to kill victim * • Victim believes partner is capable of killing her * • Perpetrator AD Military History (ns.) • Stalking score*

  21. VICTIM & PERPETRATOR OWNERSHIP OF WEAPON IN FEMICIDE (N = 311), ATTEMPTED FEMICIDE (N = 182), ABUSED CONTROL (N=427) & NON-ABUSED CONTROL (N=418) CASES 2=125.6, P< .0001

  22. DANGER ASSESSMENT ITEMS COMPARING ACTUAL & ATTEMPTED FEMICIDE SURVIVORS (N=493) & ABUSED (WITHIN PAST 24 MONTHS) CONTROLS (N=427) (*p < .05) Att/Actual 42% 60% 36% 79% 7% 39% 9% 49% 27% 10.1% Control 12% 32% 7.7% 32% 9% 19% 3% 38% 15% 8.5% • Partner is drunk every day * • Partner controls all victim’s activities * • Partner beat victim while pregnant * • Partner is violently jealous of victim (says things like “If I can’t have you,no one can”)* • Victim threatened/tried to commit suicide • Partner threatened/tried to commit suicide * • Partner is violent toward victim’s children* • Partner is violent outside house* • Partner arrested for DV* (not criminality) • Partner hurt a pet on purpose

  23. Nonsignificant Variables of note • Hurting a pet on purpose -10% of attempteds/actual victims vs. 8.5% of controls • BUT – some clear cases of using cruelty to a pet as a threat to kill • WAS a risk for women to be abused (compared with nonabused controls) (AOR = 7.59 – Walton-Moss et al ’05) • AND more (but still not sign.) risk in attempted femicide sample – perhaps proxies not as knowledgeable about pets – warrants further investigation • Perpetrator military history – 16% actual/attempteds vs. 22% of controls

  24. Risk Models • Femicides with abuse history only (violence & threats) compared to abused controls (*N=181 femicides; 319 abused controls – total = 500 (18-50 yo only) • Missing variables • variables had to be excluded from femicide model due to missing responses – if don’t know – no – therefore underestimate risk • Logistic Regression Plan – comparing cases & controls • Model variable in blocks – background characteristics – individual & couple, general violence related variables, violent relationship characteristics – then incident level • Interaction terms entered – theoretically derived

  25. Significant (p<.05) Variables (Entered into Blocks) before Incident (overall fit = 85% correct classification) • Perpetrator unemployed OR = 4.4 • Perpetrator gun access OR = 5.4 • Perpetrator Stepchild OR = 2.4 • Couple Never Lived Together OR = .34 • Highly controlling perpetrator OR = 2.1 • Estranged X Low control (interaction) OR = 3.6 • Estranged X Control (interaction) OR = 5.5 • Threatened to kill her OR = 3.2 • Threatened w/weapon prior OR = 3.8 • Forced sex OR = 1.9 • Prior Arrest for DV OR = .34

  26. Femicide – Suicide Cases (32% of femicide cases in study – 29% US) • Significant explanatory power for same femicide – suicide risk factors. • Partner access to gun • Threats with a weapon, choking • Step child in the home • Estrangement • Unique to femicide – suicide: • Partner suicide threats – history of poor mental health • Married • Somewhat higher education levels (unemployment still a risk factor), more likely to be white, Hispanic or Asian (vs. African America) but not significant in multivariate

  27. Multicity Femicide Study – Results related to pregnancy • 25.8% of women killed reported abuse during pregnancy (vs. 8.4% of abused controls) – AOR = 3.8 • 13 women (4.2%) killed while pregnant – 11 of 13 abused in relationship before killed • Stepchild in home AOR = 2.48 • Results specific to pregnancy published: (McFarlane, Campbell et. al. ’02 OB/GYN, 100: 27-36; also Campbell, Webster et. al. AJPH ’03)

  28. From Public Health Perspective – Maternal Mortality • Maternal mortality – Death from all causes during pregnancy & year after delivery or pregnancy termination • Homicide - leading cause of maternal mortality in US cities where measured (NYC, Chicago, DC) (Dannenberg, ’95; Krulewitch ‘01) • Leading cause of maternal mortality in entire state of MD (Horon & Cheng, 2001) – 20% of deaths • Has been neglected in maternal death reviews – (perpetrator data missing) & therefore programming in US but fatality reviews increasing • St. George – Washington Post – 12/04 1237 documented DV maternal mortalities since ’90 - 88 per yr (vs. 1200+ DV femicides overall – 7%)

  29. Maternal Mortality Worldwide • Homicide shown to be an important cause in other countries also – e.g. Mozambique, Bangaledesh (Fauveau & Koenig,’88) • Maternal deaths in developing countries – ongoing and serious problem –e.g. in India – 13% of deaths of women – 4-5.5 per 1000 live births (WHO) but % related to IP homicide not documented • 400 villages Maharastra State (Pune, Aurangabad & Ahmednagar districts) India – hand review of records • 16% of all deaths during pregnancy due to IPV; 70% of maternal deaths in region unrecorded & 41% of recorded deaths misclassified (Ganatra et. al. ’98)

  30. Lessons learned • Importance of proxy informants – otherwise NEVER get true incidence of prior DV • Importance of hand search of police records – miss many cases otherwise • Importance of homicide-suicides – need for further study • Importance of maternal mortality – data base disconnect • Importance of attempted femicides victims as sources of data

  31. Never forget who it’s for - “please don’t let her death be for nothing – please get her story told” (one of the Moms)

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