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Conformity & Deviance

Conformity & Deviance. Classic studies. Sherif’s studies of norm formation Asch’s studies of group pressure Milgram’s obedience experiments Zimbardo’s Prison Study. 2 of 15. Robbers’ Cave Experiment. Boys were randomly separated into two groups “Rattlers” and “Eagles”

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Conformity & Deviance

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  1. Conformity & Deviance

  2. Classic studies • Sherif’s studies of norm formation • Asch’s studies of group pressure • Milgram’s obedience experiments • Zimbardo’s Prison Study 2 of 15

  3. Robbers’ Cave Experiment • Boys were randomly separated into two groups • “Rattlers” and “Eagles” • Competitions fostered hostility between the groups. • Experimenters contrived situations requiring cooperation for success. • Cross-group friendships increased.

  4. The Obedience Study • Stanley Milgram and coworkers investigated whether people would follow orders, even when the order violated their ethical standards. • Most people were far more obedient than anyone expected. • Every single participant complied with at least some orders to shock another person • Results are controversial and have generated much research on violence and obedience.

  5. What breeds obedience? • Emotional distance of the victim • Closeness and legitimacy of the authority • Institutional authority • The liberating effects of group influence 3 of 15

  6. Reflections on the classic studies • Behavior and attitudes • The power of the situation • The fundamental attribution error 4 of 15

  7. When do people conform? • Group size • Unanimity • Cohesion • Status • Public response • No prior commitment • Entrapment 5 of 15

  8. Why conform? • Normative influence • Informational influence 6 of 15

  9. Influencing Attitudes Effective ways to influence attitudes Repetition of an idea or assertion (validity effect) Endorsement by an attractive or admired person Association of message with a good feeling

  10. Who conforms? • Gender • Personality • Culture 7 of 15

  11. Coercive Persuasion • Person is under physical or emotional duress. • Person’s problems are reduced to one simple explanation, repeated often. • Leader offers unconditional love, acceptance, and attention. • New identity based on group is created. • Person is subjected to entrapment. • Person’s access to information is controlled.

  12. Resisting social pressure • Reactance • Asserting uniqueness Rugged Individualism? 8 of 15

  13. Deviance

  14. What is Deviance? • “Deviance is not the quality of the act….The deviant is the one to whom the label has successfully been applied; deviant behavior is behavior people so label.” Howard Becker, The Outsiders (1963)

  15. Deviance As: • Objective Reality = • Subjective Reality= Rubington, Earl and Martin S. Weinberg, (1987) Deviance, The Interactionist Perspective

  16. Courage and Nonconformity • Situational factors contributing to nonconformity: • You perceive the need for intervention or help. • Situation makes it more likely that you will take responsibility. • Cost-benefit ratio supports your decision to get involved. • You have an ally. • You become entrapped.

  17. Psychological Disorders Reflections of Deviant Behavior

  18. Psychological Disorders • Defining and Diagnosing Disorder • Anxiety Disorders • Mood Disorders • Personality Disorders • Dissociative Identity Disorder • Drug Abuse and Addiction • Schizophrenia

  19. Defining and Diagnosing Disorder Dilemmas of Definition Diagnosis: Art or Science?

  20. Dilemmas of Definition • Possible Models for Defining Disorders: • Mental Disorder:

  21. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual • Axis I: Clinical Syndromes • Axis II: Personality Disorders • Axis III: General Medical Conditions • Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Conditions • Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning Scale

  22. Concerns About Diagnostic System • The danger of overdiagnosis. • The power of diagnostic labels. • Confusion of serious mental disorders with normal problems. • The illusion of objectivity

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