Georgia and the American Experience

1. Georgia and the American Experience Chapter 8: The Civil War: A Nation in Conflict Study Presentation Mr. Smith’s Classes

2. Georgia and the American Experience Section 1: The Road to War Section 2: The War on the Battlefield Section 3: Life for the Civil War Soldier Section 4: Life During the Civil War

3. Section 1: The Road to War • Essential Question • What strategies were selected to win the Civil War?

4. Section 1: The Road to War • What words do I needtoknow? • conscription • blockade • blockade runner • King Cotton Diplomacy • strategy

5. The War Begins • April 10, 1861, Major General P.G.T. Beauregard lead bombardment of Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor • Federal troops and laborers inside Fort Sumter surrendered on April 13 • President Abraham Lincoln called for 75,000 troops to put down the rebellion and protect Washington; Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia seceded from the Union bringing the total of CSA states to 11 • First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas), the first major battle, was won by the Confederacy

6. The Bombardment of Fort Sumter

8. “There stands Jackson like a Stone wall!” Jackson was one of Lee’s best generals; he was mortally wounded by his own men at the Battle of Chancellorsville.

9. Union Recruiting Poster

10. Confederate Recruiting Poster

11. Assembling Armies • Most soldiers volunteered at first, but later men were conscripted (drafted to serve in the armies); the South was first to draft men into its army • Some men received bounties (money) to sign up; some signed up, received the bounty, then deserted (“bounty jumpers”) • Poorer men sometimes accepted money to fight in place of wealthier men who didn’t want to serve (“Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight”)

12. Confederate uniforms Union uniforms

13. Union Zouave uniform

14. Resources, North and South • North had more people from which to create and resupply armies • North had more factories, better railroad system, and most of the nation’s farms and wealth • South had more experienced military leaders, and were highly motivated to defend their familiar homeland to win independence

15. Blockade Strategy • Union blockaded all Southern ports to prevent cotton exports and imports of weaponry from foreign countries • Privately operated blockade runners successfully slipped past Union ships to ship goods to and from Europe during the war • The Union Navy included many ironclads (armored ships)

17. Union ironclads were primarily used in coastal waters and on the Mississippi River.

19. CSS Alabama vs. USS Kearsage

20. Other Wartime Strategies • “Anaconda Plan”: To squeeze Confederacy to death by capturing the Mississippi River and cutting off Louisiana, Texas, and Arkansas • Capturing Richmond, the capital, might have ended the war early, but General Robert E. Lee’s Confederate Army prevented that for 4 years

22. Late War Strategy • Destroy Confederate armies on the battlefield • Lay waste to the Southern land, so that civilians would call for an end to the war • General William T. Sherman’s “March to the Sea” through Georgia was successful in the “lay waste to the land” strategy (“total war”)

23. Charleston, SC at the end of the war.

24. Richmond, VA at the end of the war

25. “Sherman’s neckties”

26. Southern Strategies • Wear down the Union armies, which would hasten the northerners’ desire to end the war (win by not losing) • Use swift raiders to help break the Union blockade • King Cotton Diplomacy: Temporarily stop exports to England and France to inspire those nations to help break the Union blockade; (France and England instead started importing Egyptian cotton.)

27. Section 2: The War on the Battlefield • ESSENTIAL QUESTION • What were the major battles that took place in Georgia?

28. Section 2: The War on the Battlefield • What words do I need to know? • Shiloh • Chickamauga • Atlanta Campaign • Emancipation Proclamation

29. Freeing the Slaves • Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862 • Document gave the Southern Confederacy a choice: Quit the war and keep slavery alive or keep fighting and slaves would be forever free • Deadline was January 1, 1863 • The Confederate leaders continued the war and the slaves were declared free by the United States government in 1863

30. The Fall of Fort Pulaski • More than 100 battles or skirmishes in Georgia; 92 happened in 1864 during the Atlanta and Savannah campaigns • First battle, April 10, 1862, was at all-brick Fort Pulaski, near Tybee Island • Rifled cannon used by U.S. Army in warfare for the first time; the Confederates surrendered the fort in less than two days • No brick American forts were built after this battle

31. Shiloh was the first major battle in the Western Theater. Total casualties exceeded casualties of all American wars up to that time. The Union won the battle.

32. The Battle of Chickamauga • September 1863 • Seven miles south of Chattanooga, Tennessee • Chattanooga was major railroad center • Union troops were driven back to Chattanooga; Confederates did not follow-up on their victory • Boosted Confederate morale after defeats at Gettysburg and Vicksburg • Union reinforcements later recaptured Chattanooga

33. Battle of Chickamauga

34. The Atlanta Campaign • Late Spring/Early Summer 1864: Sherman’s Union Army fought series of battles against Joseph E. Johnston’s Confederate Army • Confederates continued to retreat further southward into Georgia • June 1864: Sherman attacked Johnston at Kennesaw Mountain; Sherman lost but continued toward Atlanta • July 1864: John Bell Hood replaced Johnston, battled Sherman, then concentrated defenses in Atlanta

35. The Battle of Atlanta • Sherman surrounded the city and laid siege • Hood wanted to lure Sherman into the city to fight, but that didn’t work • Fighting continued during July and August 1864 • Hood and Atlanta’s citizens finally vacated the city on September 1 • Sherman burned the city in mid-November then began his march toward Savannah and the sea

36. Atlanta after Civil War fighting.

38. The March to the Sea • Sherman’s Union army destroyed everything in its path, 300 miles from Atlanta to Savannah • A sixty mile-wide area was burned, destroyed, and ruined during a two-month period • Estimated losses exceeded $100 million • Captured, but did not burn, Savannah in December 1864 • Loaded and shipped $28 million worth of cotton, stored in Savannah, to the North

39. Important Battles by Year 1861 – Fort Sumter, First Bull Run (Manassas) 1862 – Ft. Henry, Ft. Donelson, Pea Ridge, Hampton Roads (Naval), Shiloh, Ft. Pulaski, The Valley Campaign, Seven Days’ Battles, Antietam (Sharpsburg), Murfreesboro (Stones River) 1863 – Chancellorsville, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, Battery Wagner, Chickamauga, Chattanooga 1864 – Wilderness Campaign, Spotsylvania Court House , Cold Harbor, Siege of Petersburg, Atlanta, Franklin, Nashville 1865 – Ft. Fisher, Bentonville, Ft. Stedman, Appomattox Court House

40. Federal transports, Shiloh

41. Bloody Lane, Antietam

42. Bloody Lane today.

43. Devil’s Den, Gettysburg. This was Lee’s first battle without Stonewall Jackson; had Jackson lived, the outcome might have been very different.

44. Devil’s Den today.

45. Embalming dead soldiers after a battle.

46. Undertaker at work.

47. Ft. Pulaski. Note damage done to the fort’s walls by rifled cannon.

48. Great Locomotive Chase – Federal agents stole the locomotive The General at Kennesaw. They were pursued by Confederates on The Texas and were eventually captured.

49. Map of the Great Locomotive Chase

50. The Civil War Ends • January 13, 1865: Fort Fisher in North Carolina captured; the last Confederate blockade-running port • General Robert E. Lee’s Army of Virginia cannot defeat Union General U.S. Grant at Petersburg; he surrendered his army at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865 • Confederate President Jefferson Davis fled and was eventually captured in Irwinville, Georgia