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Foundations of civilization

Foundations of civilization. The Neolithic Revolution. I. Neolithic Revolution – Growth of Agriculture A. Agricultural Revolution – changes in human life as a result of the beginning of farming **most likely caused by a climate change**

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Foundations of civilization

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  1. Foundations of civilization

  2. The Neolithic Revolution I. Neolithic Revolution – Growth of Agriculture A. Agricultural Revolution – changes in human life as a result of the beginning of farming **most likely caused by a climate change** 1. slash and burn farming: trees and grass cut down and burned to clear land 2. domestication of animals: tamed, used for work, steady source of food 3. led to people living in one place 4. crops based on soil and climate

  3. B. Growth of Villages 1. 4 Great River Valley Civilizations – Nile, Indus, Huang He, Tigris-Euphrates 2. rivers flooded leaving behind silt – fertilized soil 3. rivers also used for irrigation, transportation, fishing, attracting animals 4. Economic Changes: a. due to food surpluses not everyone had to farm; some became artisans and traded their products b. invention of the wheel and sail allowed for trade over long distances 5. Social Changes: a. social classes develop b. religion becomes more important

  4. C. How Civilization Develops – 5 Characteristics – SWACC 1. Specialization (Specialized Workers) a. specialization: development of skills in a certain area b. artisans: skilled workers who make goods by hand 2. Written Records a. scribes: professional record keepers b. cuneiform: first form of writing; invented by the Sumerians

  5. C. How Civilization Develops – 5 Characteristics – SWACC (continued…) 3. Advanced Technology –new tools and techniques a. Bronze Age – Sumerians began using bronze instead of copper or stone b. irrigation systems 4. Complex Institutions – long lasting pattern of organization; government, religion, economy 5. Cities: centers for trade

  6. Early River Civilizations • Mesopotamia – Tigris & Euphrates Rivers • Egypt – Nile River • Indus – Indus River • China – Huang He River (Yellow River)

  7. II.Ancient Mesopotamia– modern day Iraq A. The Fertile Crescent 1. Arc of fertile land stretching from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea 2. Mesopotamia – “land between the rivers”; valley between Tigris-Euphrates rivers; rivers flooded unpredictably; left silt and supported agriculture 3. “Crossroads of the World” – land route from Asia, Africa and Europe 4. No natural barriers; frequently conquered 5. Rivers also supported trade and transportation

  8. Ancient Mesopotamia continued… B. Sumerians – oldest known civilization 1. Several city-states – large, independent cities; banded together for protection 2. Each city-state worshipped their many gods: polytheistic 3. Only priests could please gods; most lived in fear of gods 4. Built ziggurats – tall, pyramid shaped temples

  9. Ancient Mesopotamia continued… 5. Wars between city-states led to growth of military leaders 6. Social Classes also begin: ruling class, middle class, farmers/slaves 7. Invented writing to keep religious records – cuneiform written by scribes 8. Also first known civilization to use the wheel 9. Used 12 month calendar, math for surveying, irrigation systems 10. Conquered by 2500 B.C., by 1750 B.C. totally gone

  10. Hammurabi C. Hammurabi – Babylonian king, established empire in Mesopotamia @1790 B.C. 1. Known for Hammurabi’s Code – 1stwritten set of laws 2. 282 laws regarding family, trade, real estate; used to unify empire 3. basic principal – “eye for an eye” 4. established civil law – private rights 5. established the state/government as authority to enforce the law

  11. D. Smaller City-States 1. Phoenicians – traders; “Carriers of civilization”; shipbuilders; seafarers a. their “great legacy” – The Phoenician alphabet: to record transactions 1. improved alphabet by using 22 symbols for sounds (phonics) 2. influenced Greek and Roman alphabets b. modern day Lebanon c. what did people want from them? 1. cedar wood 2. dyed red-purple cloth 3. oil 4. wine 5. weapons

  12. 2. Hebrews a. Belief in one Supreme God – monotheistic b. Early history recorded in Old Testament c. Migrated to Egypt, became slaves; led to freedom by Moses; believe God gave them Palestine (Canaan) d. Established nation of Israel in Jordan River Valley e. Flourished under King David & Solomon f. Practice religion and influence two later religions – Christianity and Islam

  13. 3.Hebrew Religion a. Monotheistic – one God (Yahweh) b. Early Hebrews feared a fierce and vengeful God; later believed he was wise and forgiving c. Laws based on ethics – people should lead moral lives d. Torah – first five books of the Bible; includes history & laws e. Ten Commandments – set of laws revealed to Moses by God; Hebrews made a covenant with God – if they follow laws, He will protect them f. Less severe than Hammurabi’s Code but no one is above God’s law g. Prophets – messengers sent by God

  14. On to Ancient Egypt… III. Ancient Egypt A. Geography: The Nile River Valley 1. Nile is longest river in the world; longer than length of U.S. 2. “Source of Life” in Egypt 3. Flooded every July following rainy season of central Africa 4. Flood waters carried silt – fertilized soil

  15. B. Natural Barriers 1. Lybian and Nubian Deserts on each side of Nile River 2. Mediterranean and Red Seas served as barriers 3. Cataracts on Nile River – rapids and waterfalls 4. Protected Egypt from invaders 5. little contact with other cultures

  16. C. Pharoahs – kings of ancient Egypt 1. Dynasty – rule passes down through family a. absolute power b. considered a god on earth c. theocracy: type of government ruled by religious leaders / divine beings 2 2. Pyramids: resting place for kings (pharaohs) after death 3. Mummification: process of embalming and drying a corpse a. to prevent decay b. purpose: soul could return to body later in the afterlife

  17. Egyptian blessing  D. Egyptian Civilization and Society 1. Based on nature; polytheistic – many gods 2. Amon Re – sun god 3. Life after death – those judged worthy go to the Happy Field of Food/Beautiful Other World

  18. E. Egyptian Writing 1. Developed to keep religious records 2. Hieroglyphics – earliest form of Egyptian writing; began on wood and stone; later used papyrus to make paper 3. Rosetta Stone – found in 1799; translated in 1822; led to translating other writings and more knowledge of Egyptian government

  19. E. Education 1. Schools established to train priests 2. Students taught reading, writing, math, & religious rituals 3. Students became scribes or learned a trade 4. Scribes kept religious & government records 5. Becoming a scribe allowed someone a way to move up in class

  20. F. Scientific and Mathematical Accomplishments 1. Surveying land to find property lines after floods 2. Measured area of squares and circles 3. Figured volume of cylinders and spheres 4. Calendar: 12 months, Flood Season, Plant Season, Harvest Season; adopted by Greeks and Romans into modern calendar 5. Erected stone monuments 6. Studied human anatomy & performed surgery; methods later used by Greeks & Romans

  21. And now…Ancient India IV. India A. Geography: The Indian Subcontinent – large land mass attached to a continent 1. Large peninsula – water on three sides; Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal 2. Mountains – Himalayas in the north; Hindu Kush in NW 3. Indus River foundation of civilization 4. Barriers caused people of India to be isolated from rest of the world

  22. …Ancient India 5. Early peoples developed trade via oceans & Khyber Pass in Hindu Kush Mountains 6. Monsoons – seasonal winds and rain; caused flooding of Indus River 7. Floods were unpredictable 8. Three Regions: Northern Plains, Deccan Plateau, Coastal Plains

  23. B. Early Civilization 1. Indus River civilization grew about same time as Egyptian & Sumerian 2. Larger city-states than Egypt or Sumeria; little is known about them a. cannot decipher writing b. cities cannot be excavated because of location on Indus River 3. Ruled by priest-king – polytheistic 4. Thrived on agriculture; first to grow cotton 5. Harappan and Aryan peoples lived here

  24. C. Caste System 1. Social Classes based on birth, children belong in same caste as parents 2. Cannot mix and marry, cannot move up 3. “untouchables” – lowest class, outcasts from society 4. Women i. lived with & obeyed husband ii. widows – unlucky and isolated iii. Wealthy men had more than one wife; first wife had most control; wanted sons to carry on family line and perform sacrifices

  25. D. Dynasties 1. The Maurya Empire a. Chandragupta Maurya unified North India i. to support war efforts he levied taxes on citizens ii. to hold empire together he… 1. divided empire into provinces & provinces into districts 2. created bureaucratic government 3. assessed taxes & enforced laws

  26. …Mauryan Dynasty continued… b. greatest leader was Asoka; converted to Buddhism; moral leader i. treated subjects fairly, humanely, with religious tolerance ii. empire declines after his death

  27. 2. The Gupta Empire a. 500 years after the Maurya b. United much of India c. Ruled from A.D. 320 until A.D. 550 d. Accomplishments/advances in science, math& medicine

  28. E. Indus Advances 1. Art and literature based on Buddha 2. Math i. developed concept of “0” & created symbol for it ii. developed decimal system and numerals 1-9 iii. Hindu-Arabic numerals replace Roman numerals 3. Medical i. scalpel ii. set broken bones iii. plastic surgery (learned by Europeans 1,000 years later) 4. Architecture a. stupas – dome shaped shrines for Buddha & monks

  29. And Finally, Ancient China…. V. China A. Geography 1. Very large area 2. Fertile river valleys support agriculture 3. Four regions surround China a. Manchuria b. Mongoliac. Sinkaingd. Tibet

  30. 4. Yellow River (Huang He) a. floods leave loess (huge amounts of silt) – fertilized soil b. flooding unpredictable c. provides water for irrigation, fishing, transportation d. rainfall varies, droughts & floods are common e. “River of Sorrows” Just because they’re cute, that’s why!

  31. B. Early Civilizations 1. Geographic barriers & size limited contact with other people 2. Thought they were unique & center of the world 3. Zhonggouo – Middle Kingdom 4. Conquerors adopted Chinese culture & customs 5. Writing a. pictographs & ideographs b. oracle bones – used for telling the future; advice & answers c. Calligraphy – fine handwriting

  32. C. Dynasties – series of rulers from a single family 1. Shang– 1600 B.C. – 1122 B.C. a. developed writing, lasted 3500 years b. 50,000 characters, simplified to 10,000 c. Polytheistic: Shang-Di – main god; 2 forces: Yin – Earth, darkness, female forces & Yang – Heaven, light, male forces (balance & rest/cannot exist w/o each other) d. bronzemaking, yoke, harness, spoked wheel e. pottery (porcelain), jade, ivory

  33. 2. Zhou Dynasty – 1027 B.C. – 256 B.C. a. conquered Shang – said Mandate of Heaven gave them the authority to do so b. Mandate of Heaven – rulers had divine approval to be rulers i. dynasty was blessed if it ruled wisely; ruler must provide good government; ii. gods protected rulers “Dynastic Cycle” – pattern of rise, decline, & replacement of dynasties iii. Wicked or foolish kings could lose Mandate of Heaven

  34. …ZHOU Dynasty continued… c. Developed bureaucracy – organized government d. Controlled lands through feudalism: political system where nobles, or lords, are granted the use of lands belonging to the king i. nobles owe loyalty and military service to king & protection to those on their estates e. Improvements i. roads & canals ii. coined money iii. blast furnaces f. Decline & fall – nomads attacked the capital & Zhou kings fled; lords fought neighboring lords for power claiming to be kings in their own territory

  35. 3. Qin Dynasty – took over after Zhou a. Shi Huangdi – “First Emperor”i. “strengthen the trunk & weaken the branches” ii. all noble families had to live in the capital (so he could watch over them) iii. split China into 36 provinces ruled by Qin officials b. Autocracy government with unlimited power; uses power arbitrarily (randomly) c. Shi Huangdi had the Great Wall of China built to prevent invasions (1400 miles)

  36. 4. Han Dynasty – 202 B.C – A.D. 220* Refer to chart in your notes 

  37. D. Confucianism – based on family and education 1. Based on teachings of Confucius – Chinese philosopher (551 B.C. -479 B.C.) 2. Ethical Code of Conduct, loyalty, courtesy, hard work, kindness 3. Not a religion, but a philosophy

  38. E. Legalism 1. Beliefs of Han Fei Tzu; efficient government meant stable society 2. government must force ethical conduct 3. Unquestioned loyalty &obedience to authority 4. Ruler should reward obedience & punish disobedience Sounds like a good time.

  39. F. Daoism (Taoism) 1. founder Laozi (Lao Tzu) 2. natural order over social order (incorporates ALL living things) 3. Dao “the Way” guides all living things & only humans fail to follow (way to go us…insert sarcasm)

  40. G. Chinese Culture Spreads 1. Silk Roads: caravan routes across Asia 2. Ideas, goods, culture spread from China to Asia & Europe 3. Nobody traveled the entire way Example: Mediterranean merchants to Central Asian nomads to Chinese traders

  41. Zoroaster pg 103

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