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Foundations of Western Civilization

Foundations of Western Civilization. What is History?. An effort to reconstruct the past Based primarily on written evidence All evidence important Science or art Interpret fragmentary evidence Different types of History Historical Perspective. Tools of Historians. Primary Sources

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Foundations of Western Civilization

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  1. Foundations of Western Civilization

  2. What is History? • An effort to reconstruct the past • Based primarily on written evidence • All evidence important • Science or art • Interpret fragmentary evidence • Different types of History • Historical Perspective

  3. Tools of Historians • Primary Sources • Must assess value and limitation • Historical references and myths and legends • Heinrich Schliemann discovered remains of Homers Troy. • Art

  4. Time and Place • All events take place in Historical Context • When and where have tremendous effect upon event • Timelines are visual representation of chronology • Essential for cause and effect • Maps are geographical representations

  5. Western Civilization • Society and culture that originated in Europe • Began in ancient Near East • Judea-Christian value system • Heavily influenced by Greco-Roman civilization • Only began to dominate large areas of world in last 500 years

  6. Prehistory • Archaeologists - study physical remains- artifacts, bones , etc. • Anthropologists - study humans • radiocarbon and thermolum…used in dating

  7. Neanderthals- Buried their dead • had clothing • 100,000 to 30,000 BC • found in Europe and Mid East • Sapiens - modern humans • 200,000 to ? • Began in Africa spread out to rest of world.

  8. Agricultural Revolution and Beginning of Civilization

  9. Paleolithic age • From 1st toolmakers to 10,000 bc • Use of fire, crude stone tools • Spoken languages, Cave art, primitive religions - belief in afterlife • Nomadic hunter-gatherers

  10. Neolithic era - new stone age • 10,000 bc to the advent of metal working about 4000 bc • planting of crops, domestication of animals • refined stone tools better technology.- microliths

  11. Beginning of villages - permanent settlements • food becomes abundant • job specialization • population growth • development of calendars • increased interaction of people

  12. Agricultural revolution • Change from paleolithic to neolithic called Agricultural revolution. • Necessary for the development of Civilization. • Civilization develops with certain similarities in 4 or 5 places.

  13. Civilization - • Cities - larger than villages • well organized governments • complex religions • writing- records-literature • monumental architecture • public works • social classes

  14. 4 civilizations developed along rivers • Mesopotamia - Tigris- Euphrates • modern Iraq • Egypt - Nile river • Harappan - Indus river - modern Pakistan/India • Huang He - Yellow river - china

  15. Mesoamerica - Central America no river

  16. Civilizations spread through Cultural diffusion • Warfare • trade • migration.

  17. Ancient Mesopotania

  18. Fertile Crescent • Between Persian Gulf and Mediterranean • Called Cradle of Civilization

  19. Sumer 3500 – 2000 bc • Located in southern Mesopotamia • Uruk, Ur , and Eridu were major cities • Epic of Gilgamesh – first known literature • Contains Flood story and similarities to the story of Moses • First to use Wheel

  20. Babylonian 2300 to 2000 bc • Two eras – 1st Babylon under Hammurabi • Known for written law code • Precursor to Hebrew biblical law • Known for work in astronomy and Math – 60 base number system

  21. Assyrians 800 to 618 • Conquered larger Empire • Organized Army very well • Extensive library at Nineveh

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