By: Sydney Freedman

1. By: Sydney Freedman

2. General Background • 1895: Germany, smallpox outbreak • Led to Jaundice • Liver doesn’t destroy blood cells properly • 1942: United States, WWII, vaccinated against yellow fever • Jaundice • Vaccines used to prevent viral diseases caused another • All infect and damage the liver • Means “liver inflammation” • Different strains

3. What is Hepatitis A? • Serious liver disease caused by HAV • Found in stool • Causes inflammation of liver and affects ability to function • Acute virus • Recovery=complete elimination (no damage) • Mildest form • 1-2 months

4. Transmission of Hepatitis A • Spread orally when contaminated food or water is ingested • Disease of feces and filth • sewage disposal/unclean conditionsthrive • Come in contact w/ blood or stool of infected individual • Individual doesn’t properly wash hands and then touches objects or food

5. Signs, Symptoms and Diagnosis • Show up after 2-6 weeks • Signs and Symptoms: • dark urine, fatigue, itching, loss of appetite, low-grade fever, nausea/vomiting, pale or clay colored stools, yellow skin (jaundice) • Diagnosis: • Noticed in physical exam (enlarged/ tender liver) • Blood tests show: raised IgM and IgG antibodies and elevated liver enzymes

6. Treatment and Prevention • Rest, avoid alcohol and other substances that are toxic to the liver (Tylenol), avoid fatty foods • Vaccines are available (4 weeks) • Booster is necessary • Wash hands thoroughly after using the bathroom • Avoid unclean food and water

7. What is Hepatitis B? • Serious liver disease caused by HBV • Irritation and swelling of the liver • Infects 5% of the world’s population with a lifelong chronic infection • Destruction of liver cellscirrhosis • Causes 5 million liver cancer cases a year • More common in areas of Southeast Asia, tropical Africa, gay men and intravenous drug users

8. Transmission of Hepatitis B • Transmission occurs through sexual contact and contact with contaminated blood and bodily fluids • Blood transfusions • Direct contact with blood in health care settings • Tattoo or acupuncture with unclean needles or instruments • Shared needles during drug use • Shared personal items (such as toothbrushes, razors, and nail clippers) with an infected person

9. Signs, Symptoms and Diagnosis • May not appear for up to 6 months • Signs and Symptoms: • Appetite loss, fatigue, low-grade fever, muscle and joint aches, nausea and vomiting, yellow skin and dark urine due to jaundice • Diagnosis: • Tests: antibody to HBsAg, Hepatitis B core antigen, Hepatitis B surface antigen, Hepatitis E surface antigen • Identify/Monitor Liver Damage: albumin level, liver function tests and prothrombin time • Need ongoing blood tests

10. Treatment and Prevention • Monitor liver and other bodily functions • Liver failureliver transplant • Rare • Antiviral medications • Decrease/remove HBV from blood and reduce risk of cirrhosis and cancer • Vaccines are available • Only 1 percent receive vaccines • Avoid sexual contact with a person who has hepatitis • Avoid sharing personal items, such as razors or toothbrushes • Do not share drug needles or other drug equipment • First dose of the hepatitis B vaccine at birthcomplete the series of three shots by 6 months old

11. What is Hepatitis C? • Caused by HCV • viral disease that leads to swelling of the liver • Not as globally common as B, but much higher percentage of individuals become chronically ill • More cases of cirrhosis and liver cancer

12. Transmission of Hepatitis C • Transmitted through bodily fluids like B • Sexual contact with a person who has hepatitis C • Inject street drugs or share a needle with someone who has hepatitis C • Received a blood transfusion before July 1992 • Received a tattoo or acupuncture with contaminated instruments • Blood, blood products, or solid organs from a donor who has hepatitis C • Share personal items such as toothbrushes and razors with someone who has hepatitis C • Was born to a hepatitis C-infected mother

13. Signs, Symptoms and Diagnosis • Not as common for symptoms to develop…may not be noticed until cirrhosis has developed and liver is permanently scarred • Possible Signs and Symptoms: • Abdominal pain, abdominal swelling, clay-colored or pale stools, dark urine, fatigue, fever, itching, jaundice, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting • Diagnosis: • Blood tests • Genetic testing for the hepatitis C genotype • Identify and monitor liver damage: • Albumin level, liver function tests, prothrombin time and liver biopsies

14. Treatment and Prevention • Given an antiviral medication that is taken 3 times a week for 6 to 12 months • Effective if started within 2 to 3 months of infection • No vaccine • Avoid contact with blood • Do not share needles with anyone • Tattoos and piercings

15. There is more? • Strands go all the way up to G • D, delta virus, is only found with B • Symptoms become more severe • E is different strand than A, but is also spread through fecal contamination • Large outbreaks in Asia and South America • Later two new strands were isolatedF&G

16. Works Cited • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001323/ • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001324/ • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001329/ • http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/downloads/vis-hep-a.pdf • Killer Germs By: Barry and David Zimmerman • Google Images