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Rise of Nationalism 1848 1900

Rise of Nationalism 1848 1900. Adair Doran AP European History. Crimean War. Critical to formation of centralized states of Italy and Germany. Several causes 1853 1854 Most of fighting took place in Crimea. Crimean War 1854-56. Crimean War. Noted for incompetence 1/2 million casualties

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Rise of Nationalism 1848 1900

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  1. Rise of Nationalism 1848 1900 Adair Doran AP European History

  2. Crimean War

  3. Critical to formation of centralized states of Italy and Germany • Several causes • 1853 • 1854 • Most of fighting took place in Crimea

  4. Crimean War 1854-56

  5. Crimean War • Noted for incompetence • 1/2 million casualties • Florence Nightingale • Sevastopol • Austria • Real costs

  6. Alfred Lord Tennyson’s

  7. Charge of the Light Brigade • 1 Half a league, half a league, • 2 Half a league onward, • 3 All in the valley of Death • 4 Rode the six hundred. • 5 `Forward, the Light Brigade! • 6 Charge for the guns!' he said: • 7 Into the valley of Death • 8 Rode the six hundred.

  8. `Forward,theLight Brigade!' • 10 Was there a man dismay'd? • 11 Not tho' the soldier knew • 12 Some one had blunder'd: • 13 Their's not to make reply, • 14 Their's not to reason why, • 15 Their's but to do and die: • 16 Into the valley of Death • 17 Rode the six hundred.

  9. Cannon to right of them, • 19 Cannon to left of them, • 20 Cannon in front of them • 21 Volley'd and thunder'd; • 22 Storm'd at with shot and shell, • 23 Boldly they rode and well, • 24 Into the jaws of Death, • 25 Into the mouth of Hell • 26 Rode the six hundred.

  10. 27 Flash'd all their sabres bare, • 28 Flash'd as they turn'd in air • 29 Sabring the gunners there, • 30 Charging an army, while • 31 All the world wonder'd: • 32 Plunged in the battery-smoke • 33 Right thro' the line they broke;

  11. 34 Cossack and Russian • 35 Reel'd from the sabre-stroke • 36 Shatter'd and sunder'd. • 37 Then they rode back, but not • 38 Not the six hundred.

  12. Cannon to left of them, • 41 Cannon behind them • 42 Volley'd and thunder'd; • 43 Storm'd at with shot and shell, • 44 While horse and hero fell, • 45 They that had fought so well

  13. 46 Came thro' the jaws of Death, • 47 Back from the mouth of Hell, • 48 All that was left of them, • 49 Left of six hundred.

  14. When can their glory fade? • 51 O the wild charge they made! • 52 All the world wonder'd. • 53 Honour the charge they made! • 54 Honour the Light Brigade, • 55 Noble six hundred!

  15. FRANCE - LOUIS NAPOLEON • Louis Napoleon ( 1808-1873) • elected President of the Republic in Dec 1848 • WHY? • Reaction to June Days • Napoleonic Legend • Marx’s Theory • Offered something - what?

  16. LOUIS NAPOLEON said, • “I represent … a principle, a cause, a defeat. The principle is the sovereignty of the people; the cause is that of Empire; the defeat is Waterloo.”

  17. The Second Republic • President had strong powers • subjugation of the legislature • only official gov’t candidates on ballot • No legis control over budget,military, or foreign affairs *Did not allow for 2nd term*

  18. Louis Napoleon - coup d’etatDecember 1851 • Dissolved assembly • Mass arrest of opponents • brutal supression of workers’ revolt • Plebiscite - virtual unanimous support

  19. Emperor Napoleon III, 1852 - 1870 • Supported material progress • railroad construction (5X) • Building of Suez Canal • Renovation of Paris • Baron Haussman • production doubles

  20. Emperor Napoleon • Support for Working class • legality of strikes in 1864 • France enjoyed prosperity, order, discipline for 18 years • secret police • press censored - no bad news printed

  21. Napoleon IIIman of peace • Continually involved in foreign affairs • allied with England in Crimean War • Supported Italy’s unification efforts • took over Tahiti • explored Senegal River in West Africa • tried to put Maximillian, a Hapsburg, on Mexican throne • gambled and lost war with Prussia in 1870

  22. Italy • RISORGIMENTO • Catalysts for unification • 3 men

  23. Guiseppe Mazzini • visionary of unification movement • founder of underground group - La Giovine Italy (Young Italy) • author or numerous tracts supporting Risorgimento

  24. Camillo de Cavour (1850 - 61) • Statesman of unification movement • developed model state in Sardinia-Piedmont to court other Italian states • solid economic base • state over church • Created parliamentary democracy headed by monarch

  25. Cavour-premier of Victor Emanuelle • Used war to achieve aims • Crimean War (1854 -1856) • supported Britain, France, and Ottoman Turks • purpose to include discussion of Italian question at peace conferene

  26. Cavour (Piedmont Sardinia) • Provoked Austrian declaration of war against Piedmont-Sardinia, 1859 • Aided by France • Nap III made separate peace • inspired popular rebellions

  27. Guiseppe Garibaldi 1807-1882 • Warrior of the Unification movement • met with Cavour in Naples • conquered southern Italy • “Red Shirts” • unified Kingdom of Naples with northern Italy • wanted to march on Rome

  28. Guiseppe Garibaldi

  29. Victor Emaneulle-first king of a united Italy,1861

  30. Italian Unification • Territorial additions to new kingdom of Italy • Venetia, 1866 from Italian alliance with Prussia in war against Austria • Papal states, 1870 after withdrawal of French troops from Rome

  31. Italian Unification • Only small number of Italians could vote • Propertied classes and common people divided • wide social and cultural gap between northern and southern Italy

  32. GERMANY- Austria-Hungary • Victory over Hungarian revolt, 1848 - temporary • consolidated position w/ stern repression • centralized gov’t in Vienna • tried to “Germanize” subject nationalities

  33. Germany (Austria-Hungary) • Germanization attempt stimulated nationalism instead • underground radical groups formed

  34. Reichsrath (Parliament) estab • indirect elections by local diets • limited power only over new taxes • Real power in hands of emperor • create new military police force

  35. PROBLEMS in AUSTRIA • Socialists • power of the Church • discontent of nationalities • weakness of the army • soldiers poor and illiterate • long periods of service required • ineffective recruiting and officer training

  36. 1861 - New imperial constitution • elected representatives from local diets to imperial diet • Hungarians unhappy, demand concessions

  37. A-H • Compromise of 1867 - Dual Monarchy (Augsleich -compromise) • Austria-Bohemia and Hungary • have separate constitutions, parliaments, flag, and language • common ministries of finance, foreign affairs, and war

  38. A-H • Augsliech • Hapsburgs - Emperors in Austria-Bohemia, king in Hungary • Results • Magyars more content • other minorities at mercy of Magyars and Germans

  39. Germany - Prussia • King Frederick William IV (1840-1861) • issued own constitution in 1850 • had a parliament • real power held by king and upper classes

  40. Prussia • Fred-Wm tried to sponsor a confederation of north German states • alienated Austria and Russia • forced to drop plans • called the “Humiliation at Olmutz”

  41. Prussia • Kept Austria out of zollverien • strengthened control over domestic policies • suppressed liberals • control of state functions in hands of nobles • provided public education to more citizens than any other European state

  42. William I, king of Prussia • Becomes regent in 1858 • rules 1861 - 1888 • more moderate than father • crisis in 1862 • king wanted to strengthen army • Diet wouldn’t approve new taxes • liberals opposed

  43. Called Otto von Bismarck home • Prussian ambassador to France • Became prime minister • advised king to defy Diet • collected taxes without approval • “Blood and Iron”

  44. Otto von Bismarck

  45. OTTO von BISMARCK1810 - 1898 • Entered diplomatic service after 1848 • served William I • principal advisor and minister to king by 1860 • advocated a Prussian- based Germany • 1850s - helped pass military reforms to improve army

  46. BISMARCK • 1863 - helped Russia suppress Polish rebellion • this improved Russian-Prussian relations

  47. REALPOLITIK • realism in politics, ignores theories, idealism • practical application of power to achieve state goals • do not consider moral ramifications

  48. Schleswig-Holstein Crisis • Occupied by Germans • controlled by king of Denmark • new constitution would annex area by Denmark, Germans rebel • Austria and Prussia help, Denmark defeated

  49. Shleswig-Holstein • Areas to be jointly administered by Prussia and Austria • led to strained relations • Prussia admin Schleswig • Austria admin Holstein • 1865-66 Bismark prepares for conflict • IT, FR, RUS won’t interfere

  50. 7 Week’s War (German Civil War)Austro - Prussian War • Austria devastated at Koniggratz by von Moltke • Peace of Prague, Aug 1866 • Austria not part of any new Ger state • Venetia goes to Italy • Austria pays Prussia indemnity

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