1. European Nationalism1800-1900

2. Events/Ideas to Remember • End of Napoleon/Napoleonic Europe • Congress of Vienna • Metternich • Concert of Europe • Conservatism vs. Liberalism • Balance of Power • Key Countries: GB, Ottoman Empire, France, Piedmont-Sardinia . . . . and soon, Russia

3. Crimean War 1854-56 • “Eastern Question” • England supports the Turks (Ottoman Empire) in hopes of securing Palestine before Russia does • Balance of Power threatened • Russia gaining control of Black Sea region and Persia • Why? Warm water port • Why? Orthodox Christians should be united

4. Intrigue and Rumors • Some say . . . . Russia wants to destroy Ottoman Empire and claim all land • Some say . . . Russia wants to ally with England • Some say . . . Russia wants a secret alliance with the Ottomans to “protect” them against French interests • Russia is a growing concern for Europe • expansion must be contained • Conflict emerges: The Crimean Peninsula

7. Key Events: 1853-54 • War Begins • Russia defeated Turkish fleet (fall 1853) • Russia occupies Ottoman territories of Moldavia and Walachia

8. Key Events • Britain, France, Sardinia (Allies) declare war on Russia • Austria neutral (but may enter war with Allies) • Russia must retreat from M and W • September 1854: Allies attack Sevastopol. Takes one year to capture.

9. Peace • 1856: Treaty of Paris • Allies: Victory

10. Treaty of Paris 1856 • Made Black Sea neutral territory • No more warships or forts allowed • Reduced Russian influence in region • Moldavia and Wallachia returned to Ottoman rule, but given limited independence (monitored by Allies) • Russian claim to protectorship in Palestine was rejected. Russia retreats from Holy Land. • Russia loses influence over Serbia

11. The Charge of the Light Brigade "A feat of chivalry, fiery with consummate courage, and bright with flashing courage.” -- Benjamin Disraeli, Member of Parliament

12. Charge of the Light Brigade • 1854 • Public – but not tactical -- disaster • 673 men involved, 100+ men killed out of 20,000 British war dead • British troops retreat

13. Alfred, Lord Tennyson "Theirs not to reason why Theirs but to do and die" Poem made the failed charge a symbol of warfare at both its most courageous and its most tragic. Valley of the Shadow of Death

14. Characteristics of the Crimean War • First well publicized war • Railroads and telegraph to aid war effort • Photographed • Battlefield nurses, ambulances

15. Florence Nightingale • Divine calling • Criticized Victorian ideal of an educated, but helpless, woman • Created a profession out of a un-respected occupation • Nurses were typically cooks and even prostitutes who followed armies • No training

16. Italian Unification

17. Risorgimento • "Resurgence” • Political and social protest • Active between 1815 and Unification in 1860

18. Obstacles to Italian Unity • Historically, battleground for foreign and local princes • France (1494 – Charles VII) • Austria (Peace of Utrecht 1713) • Napoleon (1799-1815) • Frequent warfare emphasized local allegiances • Age of Napoleon, romanticism create desire for national unity and security against foreigners • But . . . Congress of Vienna • Gives Austria N. Italy • French prince given Napoli and Sicily

19. Secret Societies • Young Italy:“One Italy, free and independent” • Organized by Mazzini • Carbonari formed about 1820 • Patriotic and liberal • Key figures in early years of nationalism • Organization • Scattered cells • Initiation rituals

20. Key Figures • Count Emilio Cavour: “the brain of unification” • Mazzini: the “soul” • Garibaldi the "sword"

21. Giuseppe Mazzini: Writer and politician. Believed revolution would lead to unification. 1830: member of Carbonari 1831: organized a new political society called Giovane Italia(Young Italy) No King. Italy must be a democratic republic.

22. Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont • “Buffer state” • Industrialization by 1830 • But . . .Political instability • Vittorio Emmanuel = King in 1850 • Liberal prime minister, Emilio Cavour • S-P enters Crimean War to gain status

23. Count Emilio di Cavour Hated the idea of a united Italy, but hated Austrian control more. 1859: Cavour persuaded Napoleon III to protect Sardinia “if” Austria were to attack Austria does attack France declares war against Austria. Austrians surrender to France.  Napoleon allows Sardinia to annex Lombardy. 1859/1860: all northern states voted to join the Kingdom of Sardinia. After 1860, France controls only Rome (at the request of the Pope) .

24. Kingdom of the Two Sicilies • Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Sicily

25. Giuseppe Garibaldi 1833: Joined Mazzini's “Young Italy” Fought for Sardinian independence in 1854. Wanted independence for the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. Accepted help from Cavour.

26. Garibaldi’s Red Shirts • 1860: defeated the Bourbon king of Sicily

27. Garibaldi’s Gift to Italy • Defeated king in Sicily in 1860. • “Dictator of Sicily” • Died in 1861 • Willed Sicily to VE • Only Venetia and Rome remain independent

28. Map of the 19th Century Unification of Italy

29. Who Should Rule “Italy”? With the revolutionary climate of Europe, Italy should be a constitutional monarchy. Vittorio Emmanuel is the strongest ruler within Italy.

30. In Rome this monument is dedicated to Victor Emmanuel. Close up, the writing says, “Patriae Unitate,”

31. Benefits for Italy of the Austro-Prussian War 1866 • Austria loses control of Venetia • Venetia annexed to Italy

32. 1870 • Rome remained independent. • When France loses the Franco-Prussian war in 1870, France must withdraw troops (protecting the Pope in Rome) • Rome is ceded to Italy. The Right Leg in the Boot at Last!! Garibaldi: “If it won't go on Sire, try a little powder . . as in GUNpowder”

33. Legacy of the ItalianRevolution

36. Mixing bowl at a bakery in Venice.

37. Every city has at least one Via Cavour, Via Mazzini, or Via Garibaldi.

38. Even lesser-known Revolutionary Heroes are commemorated. This is a monument in a small piazza in Venice. The date says “1866.” The rest of it says that these men were martyrs for Italian independence.

39. This piazza in Florence is named to commemorate the Revolution. It’s named Piazza della Repubblica.

40. Problems Facing Italy • Legacy of independent states • Regional differences • North: cultural heritage, economic prospects, more cities, educated • South: agricultural, rural, illiterate peasants • Italy vs Catholic Church • Church governs Vatican • Non-cooperation with new leaders of Italy

41. “Modern” Italy • Constitutional monarchy, two house system • Limited voters • Industrialization continues • Population increases, unemployment rises • Emigration to US • Socialists/Anarchists • Push government to expand vote • Distraction = Imperialism

42. German UnificationThe era of Bismarck

43. Flag of Prussia. Otto von Bismarck, a prince of Prussia, led the movement to unite all Germans.

44. Boundaries within Europe after the Congress of Vienna (1815), featuring a strong (and large) Prussia. The Austrian Empire is also large.

45. Revolutions in Europe. As dissatisfaction grew and liberals demanded more power, conservatives clung to the old ways. Bismarck disorganization meant it was time for a strong German leader.

46. Key People • Kaiser Wilhelm I • Otto von Bismarck • Iron Chancellor • “Blood and Iron” • Realpolitik

47. Early Nationalists • Grimm Brothers • Leopold Ranke • The Germans have a “mission from God” to develop a new system and culture different from the French • Georg Freidrich Hegel • The state IS reason AND Liberty • There are no unchangeable rights or wrongs, just CHANGE • Change = dialectic • Thesis vs. Antithesis = Synthesis • Example: the disunity of German states could create unity (and a German State)

48. Zollverein • 1830s: Trade union (Ended after unification) • Removed tariff barriers between German states • Austria purposefully excluded from beginning • Bismarck continued penalties against Austria

50. Rivalry between Prussia and Austria • Rivals for German leadership • Much in common: • German language • Traditions, customs similar • But . . . Some differences • Prussia: mostly Protestant, militaristic, economically strong • Austria: Catholic, weaker leadership, weakened economy from fighting wars