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Unit 10

Unit 10. Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact. Where does most of the energy in an ecosystem originate from?. The sun is the main energy source for life on earth!. How do organisms get their energy?. There are 2 ways:

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Unit 10

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  1. Unit 10 Ecology Energy, Cycles, & Human Impact

  2. Where does most of the energy in an ecosystem originate from? The sunis the main energy source for life on earth!

  3. How do organisms get their energy? There are 2 ways: 1. Autotrophs: Organism that captures energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to produce its own food; also called producers.

  4. How do organisms get their energy? There are 2 ways: 2. Heterotrophs: Organism that cannot make its own food and gets its nutrients and energy requirements by feeding on other organisms; also called consumers.

  5. What are 6 different types of consumers? Herbivores: Eat Plants

  6. What are 6 different types of consumers? Carnivores: Eat Meat

  7. What are 6 different types of consumers? Omnivores: Eat plants & meat

  8. What are 6 different types of consumers? Detritivore: Eat organic matter/poop – detritus

  9. What are 6 different types of consumers? Scavenger: Eats animals that are already dead.

  10. What are 6 different types of consumers? Decomposers: Breaks down all the rest (bones, feathers, dead trees…)

  11. What is the difference between a food chain & food web? Food Chain: A simple model that shows how energy flows through an ecosystem.

  12. What is the difference between a food chain & food web? Food Web: A model representing the MANY interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy flows through a group of organisms.

  13. What are trophic levels? Each step in a food chain/web is called atrophic level.

  14. What are ecological pyramids? Ecological Pyramid: Another model used to show how energy flows through ecosystems. Can show: * Amount of Energy * Amount of Biomass * Number of organisms

  15. What are ecological pyramids? Ecological Pyramid: Another model used to show how energy flows through ecosystems. What is this one showing? * Amount of Energy * Amount of Biomass * Number of organisms

  16. What are ecological pyramids? What is this one showing? * Amount of Energy * Amount of Biomass * Number of organisms Biomass: The total mass of living matter at each trophic level.

  17. What are ecological pyramids? What is this one showing? * Amount of Energy * Amount of Biomass * Number of organisms

  18. What is the 1/10th Rule? * The reason that each trophic level can support only 1/10 of the amount of living tissue as the level below it is because each trophic level harvests only about one tenth of the energy from the level below. • The rest of the energy (90%) is LOST as HEAT • Running ● Hunting for food • Breathing ● Sleeping • Reproducing ● Maintaining body heat * Only 10% of energy moves up to the next trophic level

  19. What is the 1/10th Rule? 10% RULE: Only 10% of the energy at one trophic level moves up to the next trophic level. The other 90% is lost as heat. 90% Lost 1 J 10 J 100 J 1,000 J 10,000 J 100,000 J

  20. What are 4 different types of cycles in the biosphere? Biogeochemical Cycle: Cycles that involves organisms (bio), geological processes (geo), and chemical processes (chemical). 4 Main Types: * Water Cycle * Carbon Cycle * Nitrogen Cycle * Phosphorus Cycle Nutrient: Is a chemical substance that an organism obtains from the environment to sustain life.

  21. What is the Water Cycle? Transpiration: When water evaporates from the surface of plants. Water is constantly evaporating into the atmosphere from bodies of water, soil, & organisms.

  22. What is the Carbon Cycle? * All living things have carbon in them. * Carbon is in proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids. * Carbon dioxide is used by plants to make energy (carbohydrates) * Carbon is released into the atmosphere when we burn fossil fuels. * Carbon can be trapped in the ground as coal, oil, and gas deposits

  23. What is the Nitrogen Cycle? Nitrogen Fixation: Process in which nitrogen gas is captured and converted into a form plants can use (nitrates) Most of the atmosphere has Nitrogen in it (78%) Organisms CAN’T use Nitrogen GAS!!...so it needs to be “fixed” “Fixing” nitrogen, is turning it from a gas into NITRATES (usable)

  24. How is Nitrogen “fixed”? • There are 2 main ways to “Fix” nitrogen • Lightning changes nitrogen gas into nitrates

  25. How is Nitrogen “fixed”? There are 2 main ways to “Fix” nitrogen 2. Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria changes gas into nitrates Found on roots of Legums only! * Peanuts * Peas * Clover * Beans * and many more…

  26. What is the Phosphorus Cycle? • Phosphorus is essential for growth & development • When organisms poop or die, they return phosphorus • back to the cycle.

  27. Can there be too much of a good thing? • YES! Eutrophication: Occurs when fertilizers, animal waste, sewage, or other substances rich in Nitrogen & Phosphorous flows into waterways, causing algae growth.

  28. What is biomagnification? Biological Magnification: Is the increasing concentration of toxic substances in organisms as trophic levels increase in a food chain or food web.

  29. What is an example of the use of a toxin that caused biomagnification? • DDT: A pesticide used between the 1940s - 1970s

  30. What is an example of the use of a toxin that caused biomagnification? • We sprayed DDT EVERYWHERE!

  31. What is an example of the use of a toxin that caused biomagnification? • DDT causes bird eggs to be brittle, and break when parents try to sit on them to incubate them

  32. Acid Rain • When fossil fuels are burned in industrial processes, sulfur dioxide is released into the atmosphere. • Automobile exhaust releases nitrogen oxides into the air. • In the atmosphere, these compounds react with water to form sulfuric acid & nitric acid, which eventually fall back to earth in the form of “acid rain”.

  33. Effects of Acid Rain

  34. Effects of Acid Rain

  35. Habitat Destruction • Clearing land for development • For example, deforestation of tropical rain forests.

  36. Introduced (Invasive) Species • Southeastern US • Examples: Fire ants, Kudzu • Great Lakes region • Example: Zebra Mussels

  37. Fire Ants

  38. Kudzu

  39. Zebra Mussels

  40. Global Warming

  41. Global Warming • Increased carbon emissions from vehicles, industrial pollution, power generating plants have increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere • This has occurred since the Industrial Revolution, but has recently seemed to speed up. • Is this just part of a natural cycle, or will it keep going?

  42. Ice Cores • Ice cores provide information on CO2 levels from the past.

  43. Global Warming

  44. What is ecological succession? Ecological Succession- The series of changes that occur in a community over time.

  45. What is ecological succession?

  46. What are the 2 types of ecological succession? 1stPrimarySuccession– Occurs when there was no soil for regular plants to grow. Examples: Volcano eruptions & glaciers retreating

  47. What are the 2 types of ecological succession? Volcanoes can create new islands... No soil is Available for plants to grow

  48. What are the 2 types of ecological succession? When glaciers retreat, they leave exposed rock… No soil for plants to grow in.

  49. How is soil created so plants can grow in the area? Pioneer Species: A species that will colonize previously uncolonized land. Are organisms that colonize barren rock or lava during ecological succession. They are the FIRST to arrive! They physically break up the rocks, extract minerals, and provide organic matter that will decompose and become the soil for later successional species.

  50. How is soil created so plants can grow in the area? Example: Lichens Lichens: A symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an algae.

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