Reproductive System

1. Reproductive System Male vs. Female

2. Engage • You will be watching a development clip from PBS video Universe Within.

3. Explore • You will familiarize yourself with the reproductive glands and their functions by completing the reproductive system worksheet in the Blackline Masters. • You will also complete an anatomy coloring sheet to correctly label the reproductive components.

4. Explain • Purpose: • The ultimate goal – • formation & union of egg & sperm • development of the fetus • birth of the infant • Male Reproductive system • Main function – • production and delivery of sperm (male gametes) • Female Reproductive System • Main functions – • produce eggs (female gametes) • provide an environment for fertilized egg to develop

5. Reproductive System Manipulative • Obtain a packet of sugar and a stalk of broccoli. • Very carefully pour out the packet of sugar on one side of your desk. • On the other side of your desk remove all the tiny floret pieces of your broccoli and place it on the other side of your desk. • All the sugar granules represent all the eggs a women has in her ovaries in her lifetime. • The tiny broccoli floret pieces represent the sperm. • Now remove a single egg and a single sperm from each pile and place them at the top of the desk.

6. Your body has all these opportunities to make a human being, but one egg and one sperm made you. • YOU WERE THE WINNER!!!!

7.  The Endocrine Glands Hypothalamus The hypothalamus makes hormones that control the pituitary gland. In addition, it makes hormones that are stored in the pituitary gland. Pituitary gland The pituitary gland produces hormones that regulate many of the other endocrine glands. Ovary The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is required for the development of secondary sex characteristics and for the development of eggs. Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg. Testis The testes produce testosterone, which is responsible for sperm production and the development of male secondary sex characteristics

8. Testes and Scrotum

9. Human Male Anatomy • Testes • Sperm produced through meiosis • Takes Over 100 days to produce functional sperm • Mature male produces 300 million/day • Can live 48 hrs inside female • Scrotum • Sac/Location of testes • Environment 3o lower than body temperature

10. Epididymis and Sperm

11. Male (cont’) • Epididymis • Contains coiled tubes (seminiferous tubules) • Located in scrotum • Where sperm complete maturing • Stored until released • Vas deferens • Duct/transports sperm from epididymis to urethra • Peristaltic contractions

12. Reproductive System Manipulative • There is approxiamately 100 yards of seminiferous tubules within the testes and epididymus. • On a spool of thread there is about 100 yards of string.

13. Male (cont’) • Urethra • Transports urine and sperm out of the male’s body • Sperm • Head • nucleus • Enzymes to penetrate egg (acrosome) • Mid piece • Many mitochondria • Provide energy for trip • Tail • Propels the sperm

14. Sperm Development • ~100 days to make a sperm from start to finish: • • 74 days to the production of a semi-motile sperm • • 20 days for the sperm to traverse the 6-m (18-ft) length of epididymis while they gain their motility • • at least six days storage within the vas deferens before ejaculation.

16. Seminal vesicles Pair of glands Base of urinary bladder Secretes mucus type fluid Rich in sugar fructose Provides energy Prostate gland Single doughnut shape Surrounds top portion of urethra Provides alkaline fluid for movement & survival Bulbourethral glands Two tiny glands Below the prostate Provides alkaline fluid for protection against acidic vagina Fluids in Semen

17. Hormonal Control • Changes during puberty are controlled by hormones • Secreted by the endocrine system • Hypothalamus produces hormones that interact with and are stored in the pituitary gland • Pituitary gland: located @ the base of the hypothalamus & releases • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) • Leuteinizing hormone (LH) • They both travel to the testes via blood stream

18. In the Testes • FSH causes sperm production • LH causes testosterone to be produced • Testosterone: hormone causing secondary sex characteristics • Growth of sex organs • Production of sperm • Increase of body hair • Increase of body mass • Increase in growth of long bones • Deepening of voice

20. Reproductive System Manipulative • Obtain a balloon, straws and sugar from your teacher. • Sugar - Eggs • Walnut – Ovaries • 4 inch Straw – Fallopian Tubes • Balloon – Uterus

21. Ovary Location of egg production Two ovaries Located on either side of lower abdomen Fallopian Tubes Tubes that transports eggs Connects ovaries to uterus Transport is by peristalsis & beating cilia Fertilization takes place Uterus Contains environment to allow for the development of a fertilized egg Expands 500 x’s its normal size during a full term pregnancy Cervix Neck of the uterus Vagina Passageway from uterus to outside Copulation takes place here Human Female Anatomy

23. Begins with hypothalamus Signals pituitary to release FSH & LH FSH: Stimulates the development of follicles Follicles: group of epithelial cells that surrounds an undeveloped egg Causes ovaries to release estrogen, responsible for 2ndary sex characteristics Secondary sex characteristics: Sex organs Body hair Long bones Broadening of hips Fat deposits Menstrual cycle Hormonal control

24. Menstrual Cycle

25. Produces an egg Prepares uterus for fetus Ovary produces progesterone Progesterone: causes changes in lining of uterus Begins @ puberty, lasts until menopause 30 to 40 years Average length of menstrual cycle 28 days If egg not fertilized, uterus lining shed Menstrual cycle phases: Follicular phase: increase in FSH, LH & estrogen Ovulation: high LH, decrease of estrogen Luteal phase: progesterone & estrogen increase, all others drop; corpus luteum develops Flow phase (Menstruation): FSH increases Menstrual Cycle

26. Egg Development • Starts before female is born • Develops to prophase I • Ovulation: • An egg ruptures from ovary • Passes into oviduct (fallopian tube) • Once a month • Fertilization in oviduct (fallopian tube)

27. Fallopian tube Zygote 4 cells 2 cells Morula Blastocyst Uterine wall Ovary Fertilization and Implantation Section 39-4 Day 2 Day 3 Day 1 Day 4 Fertilization Day 0 Day 7 Implantation of blastocyst Egg released by ovary

29. Breast Cancer (FYI) • Most common malignancy of US women • 180,000 American women • 1 in 8 women will develop breast cancer. • Arises from epithelial cells of the ducts, small clusters of cancer cells grow into a lump in the breast from which cells eventually metastasize.

30. Risk Factors (FYI) • Risk factors: • early onset of menopause • no pregnancies or first pregnancy late in life • history of breast cancer • silicone breast implants • high estrogen concentrations • cigarette smoking • excessive alcohol intake • hereditary defects • 70% of women who develop breast cancer have no known risk factors for the disease.

31. Early Warning Signals (FYI) • Changes in skin texture • Puckering • Leakage from nipple • Lumps in breast

32. Early Detection (FYI) • Monthly self breast exam • Mammogram • x-ray that can detect cancer smaller than 1 cm, recommended every 2 years from women between 40-49 and then yearly from age 50.

33. Treatment (FYI) • Radiation • Chemotherapy • Surgery followed by radiation or chemo Lumpectomy- only cancerous lump removed. Simple masectomy- removal of breast tissue only. Radical mastectomy- removal of entire affected breast, muscles, fascia, and lymph nodes.

34. STD – Sexually Transmitted Disease • Bacterial • Chlamydia – 3 million cases every year • Syphilis • Gonorrhea • Viral • Hepatitis B • Genital Herpes • Genital Warts • HIV (AIDS)

35. Elaborate • Watch the live birth sequence at the end of Miracle of Life and discuss the hormones (Endocrine System) role in labor. • Positive feedback mechanism.