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Perioperative Management of Endocrine Disorders in Surgical Patients

This presentation discusses the complexities of perioperative management for patients with endocrine disorders, particularly focusing on diabetes mellitus, adrenal insufficiency, and thyroid disorders. It highlights patient and surgical factors that influence preoperative and postoperative care, including the importance of glycemic control, steroid management, and potential complications such as wound infections. The discussion also covers protocols for transitioning insulin therapy and monitoring during and after surgery, aiming for optimized outcomes and minimized risks in patients with diverse endocrine conditions.

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Perioperative Management of Endocrine Disorders in Surgical Patients

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  1. Periop. Cases on Endocrine Disorders Thomas Maniatis Dec. 16, 2010

  2. Conflicts of Interest • None

  3. Case • 65 female • DM2 on glyburide 10 bid, pioglitazone 30 qd, metformin 1g bid • Cataract OR • Cholecystecomy • Colectomy for colon CA

  4. Issues to consider • Patient Factors • Type of diabetes • Treatments: Diet, oral agents, insulin • Adequacy of control: loose, optimal, tight • Surgical Factors • Minor, major • Timing • NPO starting when and lasting how long

  5. Preop control and periop complications • No high-quality data suggesting preop control impacts on periop complications • Small study suggested that HbA1c >7% associated with increased wound infections • Case-control study showed increased risk for wound infections if sugars > 11 (CABG)

  6. Effects of surgery on glucose control • Stress response causing increased glucose levels • glucagon, epi, GH, IL-6 and TNF-alpha

  7. Goals of therapy • Prevent ketoacidosis • Avoid marked hyper / hypo glycemias • Balanced fluids/electrolytes • “Tight” vs. “loose” control • Varying evidence for “tight” control • Improved outcomes in certain populations at cost of increased hypo’s • In general, “loose” control is acceptable

  8. Case • 65 female • DM2 on metformin 1 g bid, N 10-0-0-10 • Cataract OR • Cholecystectomy • Colectomy for CA • Radical Neck Dissection for neck mass

  9. Case • 55 male • DM1 on rapid 12-14-18-0, glargine 0-0-0-20 • Cataract OR • Neck Biopsy under GA (day surgery) • Cholecystectomy • CABG for CAD

  10. IV Insulin • How to write a protocol preop in stable patients • When to transition from IV to SC postop • How to transition from IV to SC postop

  11. IV Insulin • Protocols vary • Separate insulin/dextrose vs. combined GIK • Targets: tight vs. traditional • See Protocol • Calculation of starting dose • Baseline total daily dose/24 – “safety margin” of 30-50% • Dextrose depends on fluid sensitivity • D5 vs. D10 • Monitoring, NPO, adjustments • Start early to stabilize dose by OR

  12. IV insulin • Intraop • Managed by anaesthesia • Postop • Continue drips until no longer NPO • Plan transition to SC ahead of time

  13. IV–SC insulin transition post-op • Look at baseline dose pre-op • Compare with current “needs” and take into account stressors (infection, etc.) and PO intake • Hourly dose x 24 = total daily needs if control stable and eating well (and no infection…) • Preferred transition to 3 injections of short-acting with meals and 1 intermediate-long acting before bed while in hospital

  14. IV–SC insulin transition post-op • Sliding scale • Traditional vs. adaptive sliding scale • Monitor transition closely • Modify baseline doses daily • Closer to discharge, collapse regimen down to patient-appropriate protocol

  15. Case • 35 male • Pituitary surgery for tumour • Panhypopit. subsequently • Cort. 25/12.5, thyroxin, testosterone • Hernia repair • Cholecystecomy • Colectomy for mass

  16. Case • 65 female • PMR on pred. 15/d • Cataract • Inguinal Hernia • Esophageal resection for tumour

  17. Case • 50 male • Mod-severe COPD on intermittent prednisone 4 x per year, inhaled steroids • Exczema on topical steroids • Cholecystectomy • Pneumonectomy for tumour

  18. Effects of surgery on steroid secretion • Basal secretion • 8-10 mg/d of cortisol • Minor surgery • 50 mg/d • Major surgery • 75-100 mg/d (up to 200 mg/d in severe stress) • Timing • Biggest surge is immediately post-op (reversal of anaesthesia, extubation)

  19. Surgery and steroids • Assess reason for steroid exposure • Primary adrenal or pituitary disease vs. other • Assess magnitude of exposure • Dose and duration • Consider further testing of axis • ACTH stimulation using the 250 microg dose • Uncertain meaning • Need adequate time • Assess surgical “stress”

  20. Effects of steroids on adrenal axis • Likely not suppressed • Chronic use of < 5 mg of prednisone • Any patient on any dose of steroid for < 3 weeks • Likely suppressed • Any patient on > 20 mg of prednisone for > 3 weeks • Any patient with clinical Cushing’s • Intermediate • Everyone else!!

  21. Surgery and steroids • Supplement limited to immediate periop period • Hydrocortisone 50-100 mg IV pre-induction of anaesthesia, then 25-50 mg IV Q8h x 3 doses, then halve dose QD to baseline dose (or d/c) • Be aware of risks of steroids periop • Infections • Impaired wound healing

  22. Thyroid disorders and surgery • Poor evidence base supporting recommendations • Hypothyroidism • associated with intraop. hypotension in retrospective studies • Mild-mod: may choose to postpone elective surgery to optimize • Severe: only emergency surgery, give T4 and T3 urgently • Risk for myxedema coma • Hyperthyroidism • Beta blockers to control HR • Thionamides • Risk for thyroid storm

  23. Pheochromocytoma and surgery • Medical preparation focuses on avoiding hypertensive crises • Alpha blockade starting 7-10 days preop • phenoxybenzamine • Followed by beta blockade 2-3 days preop • Alternatives: Ca-channel blockers, metyrosine

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