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This document provides a detailed overview of three important classes of organic compounds: aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. It explains their structural characteristics, general formulas, and naming conventions. Aldehydes feature a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain, while ketones have the carbonyl group within the chain. Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl group and are always located at the ends of the carbon chain. Specific examples of naming each functional group are also provided, along with typical structural formats and nomenclature rules.
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Aldehydes (p. 42) • Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to the beginning (1st Carbon) or end (last Carbon) of a parent carbon chain. • General form: O O R-C-H H-C-R • Naming: • Drop the “e” from the alkane name and add “al”
Example O C-C-H Ethane Ethanal
Name: O C O C-C-C-C 2-methyl-1,4-butanedial (you are supposed to keep the “e”)
Ketones (p. 43) • Organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to carbons within the parent carbon chain (not at the beginning or end). • General form: O R-C-R’ • Naming: • Drop the “e” from the alkane name and add “one”. • Give the position # for the carbonyl.
Example: O C-C-C 2-propanone
Example: CO O C-C-C-C-C-C 5-methyl-2,3-hexanedione
Carboxylic Acids (p. 44) • Carboxyl group: O or O C-OH HO-C • Organic compounds that contain a carboxyl functional group. • Can only be on the ends.
Carboxylic Acids (p. 44) O • General formula: R-C-OH • Naming: • If one carboxyl group • Drop the “e” from the alkane name and add “-oic acid”. (No number needed for the carboxyl group)
Example: O C-C-C-C-C-C-OH hexanoic acid
Example: CO C-C-C-C-C-C-OH 5-methyl hexanoic acid
If more that one carboxyl group. • One on each end of the parent chain. • -dioic acid.
Example: OO HO-C-C-C-C-OH 1,4-butanedioic acid
Example: OC-C O HO-C-C-C-C-C-C-OH 2-ethyl-1,6-hexanedioic acid
