1. Abortion Executive Summary Summary of objectives. Data from Latin America have shown that women who have access to the Internet are increasingly getting information about medication abortion online and that women who have access to accurate information and reliable medication abortion drugs can safely terminate their own pregnancies. Safe–abortion hotlines have become central to women's access to information about safe medication abortion in restrictive legal contexts around the globe.3,10 Given the stigmatized and often criminalized nature of abortion in many countries where women's self–management of abortion using medications is common, it is not surprising that evidence is scarce regarding who accesses medications for abortion outside of formal settings, how they access them, what information they have, and what their experiences are. Summary of methods For women seeking information about...show more content... Summary of results Of those contacts not included in this analysis, 2799 (61.0%) were "repeat contacts" those who called back or e–mailed again for more information; 1371 (29.9%)were "follow–up contacts" that were made in the course of routine follow–up contacts with women having abortions; and 420 (9.1%) were contacts made for other reasons. Conclusions From the data that Samsara has collected to date, most of those contacting the hotline for the rst time were predominantly unmarried women aged 18 to 35 years, the large majority of women of whom were seeking information about safe–abortion services for an unwanted pregnancy. This is a model in which women, under the care of a health care provider, take abortion medications at home, which allows for more privacy and gives women more control over the timing of the abortion ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

3. A Defense Of Abortion Summary In Thompson's "A Defense of Abortion" she tries to answer the question: "Is voluntary abortion ever permissible?" Throughout the paper, she uses a variety of thought experiments in order to parallel pregnancy due to rape, accidental pregnancy, and pregnancy that threatens a mother's life, among many other situations. Using these examples, she illustrates her main point: that unless a fetus has a right to demand it, the mother is not morally required to make large sacrifices to keep the fetus alive. Therefore, abortion is permissible in cases where the mother is pregnant against her will or when the cost of keeping the fetus is high. The main objection to her argument is the fact that she relies heavily on the reader's intuition to reach...show more content... Opening the window to air out a room does not equate to inviting the person–seed in and giving it a right to live in your house, especially if you had a mesh installed meant to keep it out. Therefore, abortion is permissible in a case where the mother became pregnant accidently. Upon looking at Thompson's thought experiments, a major problem that jumps out is her heavy reliance on intuition. On the surface, this is not a bad thing. In fact, some philosophers argue that moral theories are necessarily grounded in intuitions that cannot be objectively demonstrated. However, the problem with using intuitions to argue a stance is that is as complex and multi–faceted as abortion is that it is difficult to find a set of intuitions that would apply to a majority of people. If this were possible, there would be no argument, as people would agree on the stance based on their intuition. The challenge for a philosopher, then, is to find premises that almost everyone can agree on, and then use these premises to argue for their conclusion. This brings me to my critique of Thompson. Her most basic premise is based on a reader's intuition, therefore her conclusion does not follow as seamlessly as she might think. Thompson's argument in defense of abortion is based on the reader having the same intuition as her, namely that it is morally permissible to detach yourself from the violinist and that it is okay to kick out the rooted person–seed. However, there ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

5. Summary: A Defense Of Abortion In the article A Defense of Abortion written by Judith Jarvis Thompson, examples as to whether abortion is acceptable or not are given. Interestingly enough, Thompson never formally states her opinion about abortion being right or wrong. She likes to speak on behalf of both points of view. Thompson argues abortion is acceptable when given the situation, like being raped. On the other hand though, Thompson agrees that abortion is not right because the fetus has the right to live a life of its own, whether with the biological mom or an adoptive mom. Everyone deserves a chance at life. Because abortion is an ethical issue in society, there is always a source of ethical framework. There are several ethical frameworks used in this article. I chose ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

7. David Thomson Abortion Summary Thomson's paper talks about how abortion is not always impermissible for abortion, she uses a term ''people seeds'' for her one of her example in referencing sperm in proving this. The example she uses with the people seeds is how it acts as pollen that drifts through the air freely and if you were to open your window, one might get in by accident even if you had fine mesh screens as cover. This is compared to having sexual intercourse with protection which is the mesh screen and people seeds as the sperm that has the possibly of getting in even if there's only a small chance. A pro–life would say that if you didn't want to get pregnant, you wouldn't have had sex in the first place. Thomson believes this is unreasonable because she believes sex has two independent variables and living your whole life without sex because...show more content... However, she does believe that if you don't use protection during intercourse, an abortion would be morally impermissible. The race for the trophy example by Sinnott–Armstrong not only provides the flaw written in Marquis's work, but also on the ethics of abortion. His major flaw according to Armstrong is that the use of the word ''loss'' isn't clear in Marquis's work. There are two losses that can be applied which are neutral losses and moral losses. The example of the race for the trophy attempts to explain neutral and moral loss while connecting it to abortion. Neutral loss says the ''loser would gain or keep the valuable thing if the agent did not do the act'' which can be referred to the baby ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

9. A Brief Summary Of Abortion Women who are planning on having an abortion should consider the health risk associated with the procedure. Not to mention, the abortion procedure can cause many health issues associated with a woman's body. A pelvic defect can be caused when germs access the uterus and cause contamination within the pelvic locale. Although it can be treated with antibiotics, but if it is not treated with antibiotics a surgery will have to take place (Ramah International). Even though it is normal for a woman to bleed after an abortion, heavy bleeding is out the norm which means the person would need to receive medical help from a doctor. When performing the procedure in giving an abortion the abortionist uses different tools to cut open the cervix this can ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

11. Mary Anne Warren Abortion Summary Throughout her article "On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion," Mary Anne Warren breaks down her reasoning as to why abortion, at any stage of pregnancy, should be morally and legally permissible in society. Warren bases her article upon her point of view of the moral community so as to diminish doubts that readers may have on the notion that abortion is morally acceptable. Throughout the course of this essay, I will endeavor to explain Warren's view of the moral community as well as how it influences her beliefs on the matter of abortion. Furthermore, I will attempt to refute some of the statements made throughout this article. In Warren's view of the moral community, unborn children do not place into any of the possible levels of the...show more content... To do so, she gives us a criterion in which, if met, a person is to be considered a member of the moral community. This criterion includes: consciousness of the world around, most importantly the ability to experience suffering, developed reasoning (the ability to solve "new and relatively complex problems"), "self–motivated activity," communication skills in any form, and self– awareness. Warren states that: "all we need to claim, to demonstrate that a fetus is not a person, is that any being which satisfies none of (1)–(5) is certainly not a person." Prior to this, in her article, Warren claims that the standard for which a person is a member of the moral community if they are biologically human does not hold any weight as an argument. With this in mind, we can extrapolate Warren's examples to include a newborn baby. A point that Warren makes in another article "Speaking of Animal Rights" is that it does not make sense that there be a clear line between what makes a being a member of the moral community and what doesn't. Using this, we can point out that a newborn baby would not have gained the features listed on her criterion for a member of the moral community in the time that it took for it to come out of its mother's womb. Therefore, someone who holds stock in all that Warren is arguing in this article, could then go as far as to say that it is morally permissible to kill a newborn baby as they are not a member of the moral community, and do not hold any semblance of moral importance, with their only feature being that they are a biological human ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

13. A Brief Summary Of Abortion My baby survived, and after, it looked like it had been placed in a tub of boiling water, she was rejected from nursery and wasn't even covered for. When babies are aborted by saline, sometimes they put the baby in a bucket and put the lid on, and wait for them to suffocate. When a lady who had an arm broken got pregnant, she wanted to keep the baby, and her and her boyfriend made plans to keep it. When she went to the doctor, he said that she has to abort it or her arm would never heal. After she had the abortion, her arm healed, and she then was utterly devastated and angry at her brother mother and doctors for pressurising her. When a lady had an abortion, if failed and the baby was born crying and very much alive. This lady now urges people ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

15. Summary: A Defense Of Abortion By Judith Thomson Abortion In Judith Thomson's philosophical paper "A Defense of Abortion", she argues that many abortions are not morally wrong even if a fetus is a person. In this paper, I will summarize Thomson's three main arguments for why abortions are morally justified. First, I am going to discuss how abortions are justified for pregnancies resulting from rape. Second, I will discuss why abortions are acceptable when the mother's life is at risk. Then I will summarize Thomson's reasons for why abortions resulting from consensual sex are also morally permissible. Despite Thomson's arguments for abortion, I will argue that Thomson's thought experiments are flawed and do not merit as an accurate analogy to justify abortions. Thomson advocates for abortion because she strongly believes and defends autonomy. The underlining principle throughout...show more content... That is, it requires giving the fetus access to your body in order to live. I believe that carrying the fetus to term is only a negative right of the fetus. I am making a claim against a part of Thomson's argument that most accept: Abortion is morally permissible when the women was raped. That is, it is a right of the fetus that you not do anything to cause it direct harm. Furthermore, unplugging a violinist is dissimilar to the act of abortion. Unplugging does not harm bodily integrity, but abortion does. Another problem with the analogy is that both the violinist and you are blames–neither asked to be put in that situation. So therefore the two of you have an equal right to life. Lastly, suppose the following: the Violinist is hooked–up to you involuntarily but suppose he wanted to be hooked up to someone else. However, the only way he could do this is by killing you. Since the violinist has no right to kill you, you have no right to kill him. Therefore, women do not have the right to abort under circumstances resulting from ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

17. Abortion And Abortion Summary On the other hand, Marquis's believes that abortion is immoral. He argues that all cases of abortion is wrong and rarely will there be special circumstances to justify the killing of a human being. In Marquis's opinion, killing a fetus is equal to killing an innocent adult life. His whole argument is based off a major assumption. In his debate, he focuses on the wrongfulness of killing. He creates many arguments to why killing is wrong and what makes killing wrong. With that, he applies those arguments to abortion in effort to prove that abortion is immoral. He argues take taking someone's life is frown upon because you are taking away their future. That person will never be able to experience living again and all...show more content... Therefore, they will look into the outcomes of abortion and decide from there if abortion is good or bad. Finally, after reading both passages I would have to say that I do not find Marquis's analysis and argument to be less persuasive. I found his ideas less clear and even a bit too repetitive. While I did like how he starts off by comparing both sides of the abortion argument, it does seem overly exaggerated. He keeps claiming the other side is wrong because of wrongful killing and picks up small flaws and turns them into major claims. I really wish he had more major opinions to add into his debate. Just because a fetus or embryo can no longer live out to grow into the human being they were meant to be does not persuade me. It would have been interesting if he could add scenarios into the argument just like how Thomson did. It would have made his essay more interesting and appealing to read as well. Although I do not agree with his perspectives, I am sure his debate to fight abortion is one of the best and most well written. Abortion is a major controversial when it comes to morals and ethics. I have always been pro–choice. Morally I believe it is the decision of the mother of the fetus to make the decision. If she wants to abort her child then that is 100% her decision. I do not believe the law or any other parties should have the right to make that decision for her. Her right to make ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

19. Thomson A Defense Of Abortion Summary Sandell Houston Final Exam Paper 7/30/15 My thoughts on "Judith Jarvis Thomson Argument" In today society, the topic about abortion is so popular because of the people that are either pro–life or pro–choice. I am pro–choice because of certain reason by me being and Christian it look like I am being and "Hypocrite" but, I have things I believe and do not let my religion take full control on my personal thought when it comes to certain things in my life. The question was asked why Thomson assumes that a fetus is a person with a right to life in her argument. In the article, "A defense of Abortion", by Judith Jarvis Thomson, says" I think that the premise is false, that the fetus is not a person from the moment of conception....show more content... I take that she try to avoid criticisms by those who think fetus are people and to show even if fetus is person, abortion still morally permissible in certain circumstance. In the reading "Thomas" stated, "I am inclined to agree, however, that the prospects for "drawing a line' in the development of the fetus look dim" (pg.241). Meaning, this is what pro–life want everyone to believe when it comes to abortions. "Thomson" speaks about the example of the different scenario of violinist in her book. In the online article, by Doris Gordon," She was trying explaining that, unwanted pregnancy and the unconscious violinist are morally equivalent cases. She argues that neither the stranger nor the mother owes the needed life support; the stranger may unplug himself from the violinist, and the mother may unplug herself from her child". Meaning, if any person was rape and didn't want to keep the baby they, should have the say so in end the pregnancy. Every woman should have and say so to their body without the society putting into and person mind they are and 'murder' if they end and unwanted pregnancy. In an online article by ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

21. A Defense Of Abortion Summary In "A Defense of Abortion" by Judith Jarvis Thompson, Thompson works to argue that even if a human fetus is considered a person, abortion is still often morally permissible. This paper will work to explain Thompson's positions on the different accounts of the right to life, and to provide an evaluation of them and explain why they are not plausible, specifically regarding three of the analogies on–which she based her entire argument: the violinist, the coat, and the case of Kitty Genovese, as well as to explore a logical counterargument and explain why it's stance is impermissible. Thompson's first account of the right to life follows a scenario where a woman is pregnant but will die if she carries the baby to term. Thompson makes it clear that for the sake of argument she will consider a fetus a human from the point of conception, therefore giving the fetus a right to life equivalent to that of the mother. In the scenario given, however, Thompson argues that the mother is logically able to make an act of self–defence in order to save herself, and since both her and the baby are innocent, bystanders may not intervene to stop the killing of the fetus. Thompson reasons that perhaps the extreme view of abortion may be reduced to state that abortion is permissible to save the mother's life, but the mother must perform the abortion on herself in order for it to count as an act of self–defence. However, by leveraging the coat analogy, Thompson proves that it is logically ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

23. Abortion: Article Summary This article absolutely infuriated me. To read about how these women have to jump through hoops to have an abortion even though it is a completely legal procedure, is so aggravating. I completely believe that a person has the right to their body and they can do whatever the hell they want to do with it, whether its have an abortion, drink ridiculous amounts of alcohol, etc. IT'S THEIR BODY. I neither anyone else has the right to tell someone what they can or cannot do with their body because it is THEIR PROPERTY. What is especially frustrating is companies, like the AUL, are essentially pursuing abortion clinics by requiring absurd regulations for the clinics to even stay open. The fact that 18 clinics in Texas closed within four months and ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

25. Catholic Views On Abortion Essay Abortion is a very controversial social issue that has existed for many decades. The controversy behind this issue is caused by the different views that people and societies have regarding abortion. The social science disciplines of political science and religion will be used in getting a better understanding of the opposing views of abortion. In discussing the religious aspects of abortion, this paper will focus on the Jewish and Catholic views of abortion and how the two faiths effect an individual s decision upon having an abortion. When discussing the political controversy regarding abortion, this paper will discuss the abortion laws in Canada and the United States as well as the pro–choice and anti–choice movements of abortion....show more content... According to the Jewish religion, the proper circumstances for having an abortion are in order to save the woman s life, if the pregnancy will harm a woman s health and in cases of incest or rape (Kolatch, 1985). The Mishnah, one of the books of the Talmud, indicates that a mother s life must be saved even at the cost of the life of the fetus at any stage of the pregnancy, as long as the child is in the womb (Klein, 1979). The Jewish religion feels that the life of the mother is more important than that of the unborn child and that the mother s life has priority over the life of an unborn child. Maimonides states that the child is sacrificed because it has the status of a pursuer, one who threatens the life of another, and its life may be taken as long as it is still in the womb (Maimonides, 1963). Therapeutic abortions are permissible in the early stages of abortion in the case of incest or rape where shame and embarrassment to the mother from the continuance of the pregnancy are considered threats to her health (Klein, 1979). In the case of adultery, a woman impregnated while engaging in adulterous action is not allowed to have an abortion (Kolatch, 1985) since the Ten Commandments state thou shalt not commit adultery (Exodus 20.1–17). When a Jewish couple gets married, it is their ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

27. Mary Anne Warren Abortion Summary Mary Anne Warren is a proponent of abortion and would agree with Sister Margaret McBride's and St. Joseph's Hospital's decision to go through with the abortion whether or not the mother's life was in danger. Warren believes that the most important moral issue regarding abortion is the moral status of the fetus. Warren states that "the moral community consists of all and only people, rather than all and only human beings" (On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion, p. 54). Warren finds this distinction between being human and being a person the most important issue regarding the morality of abortion. Warren suggest five traits that she believes may be essential to personhood: consciousness, reasoning, self–motivated activity, the capacity to ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

29. Judith Thomson Abortion Summary Judith Thomson – A Defense of Abortion In this article Judith Thomson is trying to prove that abortion is morally permissible in some cases. Thomson does this through the argument of comparing pregnancy to sustaining the life of a dying violinist. This analogy begins with outlining a common abortion argument, which can be seen as: Every person has a right to life A fetus is a person A fetus may not be killed; an abortion is not morally permissible However, Thomson then purposes an analogy of a dying violinist in which a person has been kidnapped and had the violinist's circulatory system plugged into theirs. This person alone has the blood type and capabilities to sustain this violinist's life, and if they were to be unplugged it would...show more content... In Thomson's argument she mentions that if their was no consent, volunteering, or if man and woman had taken all precautions necessary to avoid pregnancy they do not have any "special responsibility" towards the child. That being said, if this were true and we do not have special responsibility towards the consequences of actions we didn't voluntarily contribute to or taken all precautions to prevent, then Thomson's argument would be in favour of letting off individuals who commit manslaughter. These individuals did not voluntarily kill an individual and may have taken all precautions towards not murdering someone, which in Thomson's argument would mean that they do not have any "special responsibility" towards the consequence. If this were the case then manslaughter laws would not be in existence, thus my issue with accepting the ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

31. A Brief Summary On Abortion Perhaps, the author may totally disagree with the notion of abortion because abortion can lead decrease of population. The writer may argue that destroying a fetus is unethical even though the fetus has not reached the final stage of reproduction. The writer noted that plants, animals and the non–existent beings on earth may no longer exist because human beings find it difficult to preserve the plants and animals. The author states: "the question of an ethical regard towards nonhuman beings deliquesces into a set of questions pertaining to artificial intelligence. Where does one draw the line between personhood and non–personhood? Where does one draw boundaries of sentience, if at all? Is intelligence embodied in any way? 2003 addresses the ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

33. Abortion: A Brief Summary 1. Abortion 2. Before 1973, individual states were allowed to decide whether abortion would be legal within their borders. But it all changed in the Supreme Court case, Roe vs Wade, in 1973. The plaintiff, Norma McCorvey, lived in Texas, unmarried and pregnant, seeking for an abortion. She was denied the right to do so under Texas law. McCorvey felt it was unconstitutional and violated her right to privacy to not allow her to choose. The U.S. Supreme Court agreed with her, in a 7–2 vote, stating that it was unconstitutional and violated her rights to privacy to not allow her to have an abortion. However, the Supreme Court understood the state's concern for the protection of potential human life. They divided a pregnancy into three...show more content... My analysis of abortion, as it is currently legal, is extremely against the policy. I am very pro life, and believe that a fetus IS a living being. There are cases that I believe women probably should have the right to make a choice, for example, in the incident of rape or any sexual abuse/assault. However, I still believe that there are other options rather than killing the baby. There's always putting the baby up for adoption. I understand that the process of putting a baby up for adoption can be expensive, and vice versa, when actually adopting a baby into your own family. But there are free adoption service programs out there. Here lies the recommendations for change and improvement that I would love to see. I believe that putting a baby up for adoption or actually adopting a baby into your own family should not be so expensive like it is right now. It's crazy to think that to kill a baby costs only $300–$800, but to put a baby up for adoption or to adopt one costs about $12– $15,000. It should not be that way, at ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

35. Misconceptions About Abortion Summary In "Misconceptions About Abortion" by Pro–Choice Action Network they go over all of the misconceptions towards abortion, and how abortion is a private matter between a woman and her doctor; we have the right to do what we please with our body. The law has never stopped woman from getting an abortion, it just causes them to go to the black–market and have an unsafe abortion. Having an abortion can help maintain an exact number of kids or no kids you desire, adults have reasoning behind this, some families don't have enough money to raise a child, families with unwanted children usually live in the lowest levels of society. Motherhood is something that should be taken seriously, bringing in a child that will not have any chances of living a happy life will most likely grow up with psychological issues, causing the child pain for most their life. This article wants to inform its readers not to believe the misconceptions you read about in other articles, it is proving all points wrong. Standard form of the "Misconceptions About Abortions" article: P1: The risk of dying from childbirth is about 13 times that for early abortion, and the...show more content... In the biblical argument Kerby goes over biblical view of the sanctity of human life in Psalm 139 and how it should be an inspiration. In the medical argument it discusses how it is surrounded by the definition of life and death, and how a flat EEG (electroencephalograph) means death, however when that line is not flat that means there is life, meaning that embryo is alive. In "Arguments Against Abortion" Anderson goes over the Roe V. Wade case and how the state laws that protected the unborn and has resulted in over 30 million abortions. A philosophical question would be " where do you draw the line? Put another way, when does a human being become a person?" ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

37. Dr. Ronnie gave an excellent presentation this past week on abortion and its current laws. We were able to discuss quite a few abortion laws prior to 1952, as well as take a look at some more recent laws. In 2015, Pennsylvania created a bill entitled "HB 1948" which reduced the time frame that a woman could have an abortion from 24 weeks to 20 weeks. Although it didn't make it past the state senate, it was considered several times. Dr. Ronnie brought up several controversial legislative questions, one of them being, "Does a woman have to be on her deathbed or likely to die to get a legal abortion?" Although the 1967 therapeutic abortion act, signed by Ronald Reagan, said that abortions were only legal if a woman had been made pregnant through ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...

39. A Brief Summary Of Abortion One out of four pregnancies will be aborted. There are 131.4 million births per year and 30% of them will be aborted. Although there are many types of abortions, there are also many types of alternatives. There are also many health risk and abortion should be illegal. There are many different types of abortion, such as: Dilation and Extraction, Dilation and Curettage and Medical abortion. The first procedure would be Dilation and Extraction. During the second trimester of birth a dilator is inserted to the cervix to make it larger, then the surgeons insert forceps into the vagina and the arms and legs of the baby is pulled off the body, while they leave the skull and suck the brain out, then the skull will collapse and pass through. The second ...Get more content on HelpWriting.Net...