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Animation History and Techniques

Animation History and Techniques. Week 9 :CCT370 – Introduction to Computer Visualization. Animation. Animate = “to give life to” Specify, directly or indirectly, how ‘thing’ moves in time and space Tools. Two main categories. Computer-assisted animation 2D & 2 1/2 D Inbetweening

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Animation History and Techniques

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  1. Animation History and Techniques Week 9 :CCT370 – Introduction to Computer Visualization

  2. Animation • Animate = “to give life to” • Specify, directly or indirectly, how ‘thing’ moves in time and space • Tools

  3. Two main categories • Computer-assisted animation • 2D & 2 1/2 D • Inbetweening • Inking, virtual camera, managing data, etc • Computer generated animation • Low level techniques • Precisely specifying motion • High level techniques • Describe general motion behavior

  4. Low level techniques • Shape interpolation (in-betweening) • Have to know what you want

  5. High level techniques • Generate motion with set of rules or constraints • Physically based motion • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQU7UoS2AfQ

  6. Abstraction Animator colors each pixel to Tell computer to “make movie about a dog”

  7. Perception of Animations • Playback rate • Sampling or update rate • TV: 30 images/second • Sat Morning Cartoons: • 6 different images per second • Each image repeated five times

  8. Heritage of Animation • Persistence of vision: discovered about 1800s • Zoetrope or “wheel of life” - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrO2Qc1KyZc&feature=related • Flip-book

  9. Heritage of Animation • Camera to make lifeless things move • Meleis 1890 using simple tricks • Emil Cohl (1857-1938, French)

  10. Heritage of Animation • J. Stuart Blackton (American) • Meet Thomas Edison in 1895 • Combine drawing and file: “The Enchanted Drawing” - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rYDmH2B9XJw • Six years later: “Humorous Phases of Funny Faces - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGh6maN4l2I • Animated smoke in 1900; First animated cartoon in 1906

  11. Heritage of Animation • First celebrated Animator • Winsor McCay (American) • Little nemo - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcSp2ej2S00 • Gertie the Dinosaur (1914)

  12. Heritage of Animation • First major technical development • John Bray /Earl Hurd (1910) • Translucent cels (short for celluloid) in compositing multiple layers • Use of grey scale (as opposed to B&W) • Color short in 1920 John Randolph Bray'sColonel Heeza Lair.

  13. Heritage of Animation Out of Bray’s studio • Max Fleischer (Betty Boop,, Popeye) • Patented rotoscoping in 1915 • Draing images on cells by tracing over previously recorded live action - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UjM9UI40jk • Paul Terry (Terrytoons: Mighty Mouse) • George Stallings(?) • Walter Lantz (Woody Woodpecker)

  14. Heritage of Animation • Animation as an art form • First animated character with personality • Felix the cat by Otto Messmer (1920s) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sxailD4Ofq4&feature=fvst Force to reckoned with • Sound and Walt Disney

  15. Disney: Animation as an art form • Innovations • Story board to review story • Pencil sketch to review motion • Multi-plane camera stand • Color (not first to use color) • Sound! • Steamboat Willie (1928) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BBgghnQF6E4

  16. Multiplane Camera • Move scene layers independently of camera

  17. MGM and Warner Brothers, etc.

  18. Other Media Animation • Computer animation is often compared to stop motion animation • Puppet animation • Willis O’Brian (King Kong) • Ray Harryhausen (Might joe Yong, Jason and the Argonauts) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixF8KumaszM

  19. Other Media Animation • Claymation • Pinhead animation • Sand animation • Physical object is manipulated, image captured, repeat • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFPt6Si8Jrg

  20. Hierachy of film/animation Presentation Act Scene Shot Frame

  21. Production of Animation • Preliminary story • Story board • Detailed story • Key Frames • Test shot • Pencil test • Inbetweening • Inking • Coloring Computer Animation basically follows this pipeline

  22. Computer Animation as Animation • Lasseter translated principles of animation as articulated by two of Nine Old Men of Disney to computer animation • Lasseter is conventionally trained animator • Worked at Disney before going to Pixar • Many celebrated animations • Knick-knack (oscar-winning) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOndBDxZxWA

  23. Short History of Computer Animation In Research labs • NYIT - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AhczFRlBT2E Still frame from Gumby animation by Hank Grebe and Dick Lundin, 1984.

  24. In Research Labs • University of Utah • Films on walking and talking figure • Animated hand and animated face (1972) • University of Pennsylvania • Human figure animation (Norm Badler) • Cornell University • architectural walk-throughs (Don Greenberg)

  25. History of Computer Animation • 1974: Hunger by Rene Jodoin and Peter Foldes • 2.5D system, object interpolation

  26. Current activity Centers • University of Toronto's Computer Science Department • Simon-Fraser University's Graphics and Mulitmedia Research Lab • Georgia Tech's Graphics Visualization and Usability Center • Brown Computer Graphics Group • Ohio State University's ACCAD • Ohio State University's Department of Computer and Information Science • George Washington University Graphics Group • UC San Diego's Department of Computer Science and Engineering • University of North Carolina's Computer Science Department • MIT's Media Lab • MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science • University of Wisconsin at Madison

  27. History of Film & Video • Companies • Mathematical Applications Group, Inc. (MAGI) • Information International Inc. (III, or Triple-I) • Digital Production • Digital Effects • Image West • Robert Abel and Associates • Cranston-Csuri.

  28. Current Companies • Pixar (Disney Studios) • Industrial Light and Magic (ILM) • Pacific Data Images (PDI) • Xaos • Rhythm & Hues • Digital Domain • Lamb & Company • Metrolight Studios • Boss Film Studios • deGraf/Wahrman • R/Greenberg Associates • Blue Sky Productions • Sony Pictures • Cinesite • Imageworks • Apple…. .

  29. Animations that paved the way Pixar • Luxo Jr. (1986) • first computer animation to be nominated for an Academy Award • Red's Dream (1987) • Tin Toy (1988) - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNZtl5SZvbM • first computer animation to win an Academy Award • Knick Knack (1989)

  30. Early CG in film • Future World (1976) • Star Wars (1977) • Lawnmower man (1992, Xaos, Angel Studios) • Hollywood’s view of VR • Tron (1982, MAGI) • Supposed to look like a computer • The Last Starfighter (1984) • Use CG in place of models • Willow (1988, ILM) • Morphing video • First digital blue screen matte extraction • Howard the Duck (1986, ILM) • First wire removal • The Abyss (1989, ILM)

  31. More early CG in film • Jurassic Park (1993, ILM) • Forest Gump (1994, Digital Domain) • Insert CG ping pong ball • Babe (1995, Rhythm & Hues) • Move mouths of animals & fill in background • Toy Story (1995, Pixar & Disney) • First full length fully CG 3D animation

  32. Early CG on TV • Reboot (1995, Limelight Ltd. BLT Productions) • Similar intention of “inside computer” • First fully 3D Sat. morning cartoon • Babylon 5 (1995) • Routinely used CG models as regular features • Simpsons (1995 PDI)

  33. Animation Techniques • Early 2D Animation: Used traditional techniques • Early 3D Animation: Neglected traditional techniques. • Understanding the 11 Fundamental principles of traditional animation techniques is essential to producing good computer animation. Disney animators Ollie Johnston and Frank Thomas in their 1981 book

  34. Teaches basic mechanics of animation. Defines rigidity of material. Important in facial animation. 1. Squash and Stretch

  35. Can relieve the disturbing effect of strobing. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Fy8hxGNvS4&feature=related Squash and Stretch Cont.

  36. 2. Timing and Motion • Gives meaning to movement. • Proper timing is critical to making ideas readable. • Examples: • Timing: tiny characters move quicker than larger ones. • Motion: can define weights of objects. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Syih3pmdEyM&feature=related

  37. Heavy vs. Light Objects http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2MwyTIBiZT0

  38. Example: Goofy prepares to hit a baseball. 3. Anticipation Preparation for an action http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MoNxhbUsit8&feature=related

  39. Some Techniques: Use motion in a still scene or use of static movement in a busy scene. Use of silhouettes (to the side) 4. Staging A clear presentation of an idea. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8YbvFIYCHaE

  40. Example: after throwing a ball Example:LuxoJr.’s hop with overlapping action on chord. 5. Follow Through and Overlapping Action 1. Follow Through Termination part of an action. 2. Overlapping Action Starting a second action before the first has completed. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lgcw2d4wFQw

  41. 6. Straight Ahead Action and Pose-to-Pose Action 1. Straight Ahead Animator start from first drawing in the scene and draw all subsequent frames until the end of scene. 2. Pose-to-Pose Animator plans actions, draws a sequence of poses, in between frames etc.

  42. Spacing of inbetween frames to achieve subtlety of timing and movement. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PptuB4WWttk 7. Slow in and Out 3d keyframe comp. Systems uses spline interpolation to control the path of an object. Has tendency to overshoot at extremes (small # of frames).

  43. 8. Arcs • Visual path of action for natural movement. • Makes animation much smoother and less stiff than a straight line.

  44. Example: Luxo Jr. made smaller to give idea of a child. 9. Exaggeration • Accentuating the essence of an idea via the design and the action. • Needs to be used carefully.

  45. Example: Body movement is the primary action, facial expression is the secondary action 10. Secondary Action • Action that results directly from another action. • Used to increase the complexity and interest of a scene.

  46. 11. Appeal • Refers to what an audience would like to see. • Character cannot be too simple (boring) or too complex. • Examples: • Avoid mirror symmetry, assymmetry is interesting.

  47. Summary of techniques • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dlyed2M5Zok&feature=related

  48. Role of Personality • Animator’s first goal is to entertain. • Success of animation lies in the personality of the characters. Conclusion Hardware/Software are simply not enough, these principles are just as important tools too.

  49. PROs Clear and concepts explained well with pictures and examples. CONs Need more examples on “bad animation” What really makes good vs bad animation? Need to make a better one on one comparison. Personality section: is it necessary? Critique

  50. Outline • Principles of Traditional Animation Applied to Computer Animation. • Animation: Can it facilitate? • On Creating Animated Presentations

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