Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

1. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia • R1 謝佩芳

2. History • Maternal history: 28 y/o mother, G1P1, no systemic disease, no drug or radiation exposure during pregnancy • No congenital anomaly family history • GA: 37+6 weeks, C/S

3. History • BBW: 2862 gm ( 50-75th percentile) , BBL: 49.5cm ( 50-75th percentile ) • Apgar score 5(1’)-->7(5’) • PROM(-), DOIC(-), Perinatal insult(-), meconium stain(-)

4. History • Prenatal examination at GA 32 wk: fetal diaphragmatic hernia with right lung agenesis, liver herniation • After birth: General cyanosis, scaphoid abdomen

5. CXR at Birth

6. Cardiac Sonography • PFO • PDA • mild to moderate TR • pulmonary hypertension • Brain Sonography • Within normal limit

7. Initial Management • Intubation • Ventilator support with permissive hypercapnia • Monitor preductal SpO2 and keep > 90% • Right side down • Continuous OG decompression

8. Ventilator Setting

9. Surgery • Supine postion • Skin incision at sobcostal area • Pull the liver and intestine back to abdominal cavity • Use mesh repair

10. Post-OP Course

11. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

12. Epidemiology • 1:2500 births • The majority are sporadic • 70-85% on the left side • Malrotation of the intestine • Some degree of pulmonary hypoplasia Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 17th ed., 2004

13. Associated Anomalies • CNS lesions • Esophageal atresia • Omphalocele • CVS lesions • Syndromes: trisomy 21, 13, 18, Fryn, Brachmann-de Lange, Pallister-Killian Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 17th ed., 2004

14. Pathology • Not limited to the diaphragm • Hypoplastic lungs: • decrease in the number of alveoli and bronchial generation • abnormal pulmonary vasculature (decrease in volume and increase in muscular mass) • Pulmonary hypertension Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 17th ed., 2004

15. Diagnosis • Prenatal diagnosis • ultrasonography • Evaluation of other anomalies: echocardiography, amniocentesis • Postnatal diagnosis • Severe respiratory distress • Scaphoid abdomen • Mediastinal shift away from the side of the lesion • X-ray

17. Management • “Gentle handling” • Avoid iatrogenic lung damage • Delayed surgery following stabilization of the patient Paediatric respiratory Reviews 2004;5(Suppl A): S277–S282

18. Management • Intubation • Gentle ventilation • No attempt should be made to expand the hypoplastic lung • NG tube, A-line, CVC American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2002; 166: 911-915

19. Management • Objective of Positive-pressure Ventilation • PIP ≦25 cm H2O • Preductal SaO2≧85% • Tolerating hypercapnia (PaCO2 45-55 mmHg) if necessary as long as there is a compensated pH (> 7.35) American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2002; 166: 911-915

20. Management • Permissive Hypercapnia • Avoid the use of sedation and allow the infant to breathe spontaneously on the ventilator • PIP is strictly limited (<30 ch H2O) to avoid barotrauma • PEEP is used to to maximize alveolar recruitment Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 2002; 3: 339-348

21. Management • High frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) • To limit lung injury when PIP≧25 cm H2O using conventional ventilation • Avoiding barotrauma • Improved survival with deferred surgery • MAP≦14-16 cmH2O American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2002; 166: 911-915

22. Management • High frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) • Infants born with CDH have pulmonary hypoplasia with increased pulmonary vascular resistance and surfactant deficiency. They are very susceptible to barotrauma from the ventilator pressures required to achieve adequate oxygenation and CO2 elimination with CMV and require high FiO2. • A safe form of mechanical ventilation during CDH repair Paediatric Anaesthesia 2000; 10:377-379

23. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2002; 166: 911-915

24. Management • ECMO • Inhaled Nitric Oxide • Exogenous Surfactant Therapy Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 2002; 3: 339-348

25. Delayed Surgery andPreoperative Stabilization • No conformity about the optimal timing • May range from several hours in patients with very modest ventilatory needs to several weeks in patients who had been subjected to ECMO therapy and weaned off successfully Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 2004; 5(Suppl A): S277–S282

26. Delayed Surgery andPreoperative Stabilization • Stable pulmonary vascular resistance without significant right-to-left shunt • If stabilization is not possible, most infants will require ECMO support. • Timing for repair of the diaphragm on ECMO is controversial. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 17th ed., 2004

27. Anesthetic Consideration • Awake intubation without bag-and-mask-assisted ventilation • A-line • Blunting the stress response: analgesia with narcotics and by controlling respiration with muscle relaxant Miller's Anesthesia, 5th ed.

28. Anesthetic Consideration • Careful control of ventilation and oxygenation prevents sudden increases in pulmonary artery pressure (PaCO2 < 40 mmHg and PaO2 > 100 mm Hg) • Avoid hypothermia in order to decrease the oxygen consumption needed for thermogenesis • Anesthetic agents that could depress the myocardium are avoided until the chest is decompressed. • Avoid nitrous oxide to prevent bowel distention Miller's Anesthesia, 5th ed.

29. Reference • Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 17th ed., 2004 • Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 2004; 5(Suppl A): S277–S282 • Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 2002; 3: 339-348 • American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2002; 166: 911-915 • Paediatric Anaesthesia 2000; 10:377-379 • Miller's Anesthesia, 5th ed.