### The Restoration Era: Civil War, Cromwell, and the Rise of the Stuarts (1660-1798) ###

1. The Restoration 1660-1798

2. Charles I • Previous religious tensions worsen when King James’ son, Charles I, takes the throne. • People were hostile toward Charles I due to his: • Contempt for Parliament • Belief in the divine right of kings • Extravagance with money

3. Parliament • Charles dismissed Parliament in 1629 and did not summon them again for 11 years. • During the 11 years without Parliament, he took strong measures against his political opponents which led to more unrest. • Thousands of English citizens who were unhappy with Charles’ rule, emigrated to North America.

4. Parliament • When Scotland was in open rebellion against King Charles I, he had to summon Parliament in order to raise the money needed to address the situation. • Parliament used the meeting to strip him of much of his power. He resisted and the country was thrown into civil war.

5. Civil war • Royalists (support the monarchy) versus the Puritans (support the Parliament) • Puritans defeated the Royalists in 1645 and the king surrendered a year later (king was executed) • Oliver Cromwell (leader of the Puritans) was named ‘Lord Protector’ for life and ran the country much like a king

6. England under cromwell • Very strict rules • Theatres were closed • Most recreation was suspended • Sunday was a day of prayer – even a walk for pleasure was forbidden • Cromwell’s son, Richard, takes over after his death in 1658. • In1660 a new Parliament put Charles II in control. His rise to power begins The Restoration.

7. The monarchs of the restoration Stuarts and Hanovers

8. The restoration 1660-1798 • End of grim Puritan rule (Cromwell) and on to a more fun, relaxed England with the Stuart court (King James’ bloodline) • England returns the Anglican church as the state religion • Understanding that monarchs must share their power with Parliament

9. Charles ii • Major events that led to the people of England winning more power in the government: • Great plague of 1665 • Great fire of 1666

10. Great Plague of 1665 • Early spring in 1665 showed a rise in plague deaths in poor sections – authorities ignored • By the hot summer it was so bad people were panicking. • Called the Black Death due to the black sores • Also called Bubonic Plague • Came from fleas on rats but people believed in came from cats and dogs • Around 65,000-100,000 died in and around London • Anyone who could flee London, fled; many were not allowed without a certificate of health

11. Great Fire of 1666 • Began in a bakeshop and spread rapidly though the city • 80% of the city was destroyed • Plague diminished because so many rats died

12. Political factions • Tories - support royal authority • Whigs – want to limit royal authority

13. Glorious/Bloodless Revolution • Charles was succeeded by his brother, James II, in 1685. • James II was disliked for many reasons, one being that he wanted to restore England to the Catholic church. • People were very suspicious of the Catholics – believed they started the Great Fire • He was replaced with his daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange.

14. King William • James had supporters in Ireland but they were defeated by William’s military. • King William began a series of wars with France in order to keep the French from expanding their territory to Holland.

15. Queen anne • Anne, daughter of James II, succeeded William and united England with Scotland to form Great Britain. • War with France continues although Anne opposed it. • Anne was generally considered a bit dull and uninteresting but was a stable ruler. • Anne is the last of the Stuart house.

16. House of hanover • Sometimes called the Georgian Era because the first four were named George • George I, distant cousin to Anne, takes the throne in 1714. • George was German and did not speak English. • He relied heavily on his advisors, specifically Robert Walpole, who was eventually the first to hold the title Prime Minister.

17. labels of this period • The Restoration • The Enlightenment • The Age of Reason • The Augustan Age • The Neoclassical Period

18. enlightenment/ age of reason • Philosophical movement • Order, balance, logic, reason, factual information, science - main ideas • People strongly believed in approaching all issues –everything from politics to farming-logically and with reason. • With this mindset, religion became a less emotional issue.

19. neoclassical • People were generally more familiar with classic Latin literature than with modern English literature • Many writers of this time period modeled their writing after ancient Roman literature • Neoclassic means ‘new classics’

20. Neoclassic writers • Stressed reason and common sense • Wrote about objective issues that concerned society as a whole such as politics and religion • Maintained traditional standards • Followed formal rules and diction in poetry • Focused on adult concerns – primarily of the upper class

21. Neoclassical poets • Looked at poetry in a very realistic, practical way – wrote from their heads, not their hearts • Poetry was carefully and artificially constructed with exact meter and rhyme and fit perfectly into the type of poem the poet was focusing on • Avoided emotion and spontaneity – every word was carefully chosen

22. Neoclassical poets • Elegy – said only nice things about a person who passed away • Ode – dignified, serious poem written for a certain occasion or object • Satire – makes fun of a person, event, idea using exaggeration (LOTS more about this later)

23. literature • Experimenting with novels ‘something new’ • Satire • Journalism

24. theatres • When Charles II came into power, he reinstated the theatres. • Women were allowed to be actresses on stage • Plays were witty and focused on the lives of the upper class.