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Key Hormones in Mammalian Reproduction: Insights from Human Studies and Genetically Engineered Mice

Explore the emerging research on reproductive hormones in mammals, focusing on the roles of identified key hormones and their impact beyond conventional functions. This chapter delves into the intricate processes within ovaries and uteruses, highlighting the significance of placenta in fetal development.

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Key Hormones in Mammalian Reproduction: Insights from Human Studies and Genetically Engineered Mice

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  1. Mammalogy(Fall 2013 Althoff - reference FDVM Chapter 10) LEC 08B Reproduction - Again A closer “real” look at:_________________________________ within an ovary___________________ in the uterus___________________within an ovary__________________ left in uterus

  2. Possible additional role of placenta • Most emerging research on this comes from study of humans and genetically-engineered mice. Using both blood and spinal fluid from human babies to compare hormone profiles between premature and full-term human babies. • Important for _____________________ • Two key hormones identified so far: a) ___________—helps nerve cells to grow… so impact is beyond maintaining endometrium b) ___________—protects fetal neurons from becoming overexcited and dying…so impact is beyond contracting uterus & milk letdown

  3. Primordial follicle = “not yet spent”, in state of dormancy Atretic follicles = never will mature Mature follicles = ready to “erupt” Secondary & tertiary follicles: “between “primordial & mature”

  4. Primordial follicles

  5. Graffian follicle – close to “release”

  6. Ovary with “release” site – will become ______________

  7. Ovary with corpus luteum

  8. Ovary with corpus lutea (plural; _________ is corpus luteum)

  9. Ovary with corpus lutea (plural; singular is corpus luteum)

  10. Corpora lutea & Corpora _______ Buss and Smith (1966) - Elephant CL and CR Journal of Wildlife Management 30:375-388

  11. Positioning of “implanted” embryos that become fetuses. “Implanted” = __________ __________ __________ __________

  12. Site where placenta – fetus were “connected”… area heavily pigmented, resulting in ______________________

  13. View before horns “opened” ovaries left side right side cervix

  14. View after horns “opened” ovaries left side right side cervix

  15. IUP Hypothesis • IUP = __________________________ • Determined to affect a variety of behavior patterns in female rodents and suspected for non-rodent species that have litter sizes >3 • IUP involves the location of a fetus of one sex with respect to its littermates • Key results: amount of exposure to ______________________________ ______________________________

  16. __________ = no males either side of her __________= 1 males on one side of her _________ = males on each side of her

  17. OF male OF male 1F male 2F male 2F male 1F male

  18. IUP Hypothesis…effects • Females exposed to more pre-natal testosterone may ___________________ _________ than littermates receiving it • Females more _________________ as littermates including post-weaning • Female (gerbils) shown to produce more male offspring if 2M females vs. 1M- or 0M-females…2F females produce more female-biased sex ratios vs. 2M females

  19. Carlson N., editor. 1998. ed. Physiology of Behavior. 6th edition Allyn and Bacon, Boston, Massachusetts

  20. Number of blood vessels to individual fetuses _________overall _________ at birth Argente et al. 2003. Journal of Animal Science 81:265-273.

  21. In summary… • Look for “evidence” of reproductive activity in the _________ • Look for CL (or CR) for evidence of near-full or full-term pregnancies in the _________ • Look for _______________ for evidence of near full-term or full-term individual fetuses • ________________, relative to sex of adjacent fetuses, may affect development and aggressive behavior of females post-partum • _____________________ at/near a implantation site (of a fetus) can result in increased birth weight for that individual.

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