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Nuclear Chemistry Review

This article provides a comprehensive overview of essential concepts in nuclear chemistry, including transmutation types, such as artificial and natural transmutation. It explains nuclear decay processes involving alpha, beta, positron decay, gamma rays, fusion, and fission. Key definitions are highlighted, including radioisotopes, half-lives, and nuclear equations. The text also covers techniques for detecting radiation, like Geiger counters and scintillation counters, as well as the applications of radiation in art forensics, crime laboratories, medical diagnoses, and treatment, while addressing the associated risks.

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Nuclear Chemistry Review

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  1. Nuclear Chemistry Review By: AlissaCirio & KielyFinucane

  2. Definitions • Transmutation: The changing of a nucleus of one element into that of a different element. • Artificial Transmutation: a transmutation caused by bombarding a nucleus with a high energy particle such as a neutron or an alpha particle • Natural Transmutation: a transmutation with one reactant: releases alpha, beta, or positron decay

  3. Definitions continued.. • Alpha particle: a Helium nucleus composed of two protons and two neutrons • Beta particle: high energy electrons whose source is an atomic nucleus • Positron: particle identical to an electron except that it has a positive charge

  4. Definitions continued… • Gamma ray: high energy ray that’s similar to an x-ray but has more energy • Fusion: a reaction involving the combining of light nuclei to produce a heavier nucleus • Fission: splitting of large nuclei into smaller nuclei and neutrons

  5. More Definitions • Radioisotope: an unstable nucleus that is radioactive • Half-Life: the length of time for half of a given sample of a radioisotope to decay

  6. Radiation Chart

  7. Equations • Nuclear equations involve nuclei (protons and neutrons) • Example: the alpha decay of radon-198 19886Rn -> 42He + 19484Po

  8. Half Life • A half life is the time required for one half of the nuclei of the radioisotope sample to decay example: iodine-131 has a half life of 8 days. How many grams of an original 160mg sample will remain after 40 days? 40/8 = 5 (half lives) 160 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 = 5 mg

  9. Detecting Radiation • Geiger Counter: uses a gas filled metal tube to detect radiation • Scintillation Counter: uses a phosphor coated surface to detect radiation • Film Badge: consists of several layers of photographic film colored with black light-proof paper all encased in a plastic or metal holder

  10. Using Radiation • Used to detect art art forgeries in museums • Crime laboratories to analyze gun powder residue • Diagnose medical problems • Treat diseases

  11. Using Radiation continued

  12. Risks of Radiation • Biological exposure • Long term storage and disposal • Nuclear accidents

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