Interpret the following quote by Julius Caesar Free write on the following quote:

1. Interpret the following quote by Julius Caesar • Free write on the following quote: • I came, I saw, I conquered. By Julius Caesar(Informal Assessment). After students have shared their findings, have them complete their KWL charts or have students other students write a one to two paragraph summary about what they've learned. • Homework: Students will be given a text of the other articles and will answer MCQ questions based on the articles • Interpret the following quote: • “If you must break the law, do it to seize power: in all other cases observe it.” Julius Caesar • Prompt: Julius Caesar once said, ( ). This statement means ( ). I agree with this quote because ( ).

2. For the first 500 years of Ancient Rome, the Roman government was a republic where no single person held ultimate power. However, for the next 500 years, Rome became an empire ruled by an emperor. Although many of the republican government offices were still around (i.e. the senators) to help run the government, the emperor was the supreme leader and was even sometimes thought of as a god. • Who was the first Roman Emperor? • The first Emperor of Rome was Caesar Augustus. He actually had a lot of names including Octavius, but was called Augustus once he became emperor. He was the adopted heir of Julius Caesar. • Julius Caesar paved the way for the Roman Republic to become an Empire. Caesar had a very strong army and became very powerful in Rome. When Caesar defeated Pompey the Great in a civil war, the Roman Senate made him dictator. However, some Romans wanted the republic government back in power. In 44 BC, just a year after Caesar was made dictator, Marcus Brutus assassinated Caesar. However, the new republic did not last long as Caesar's heir, Octavius, was already powerful. He took Caesar's place and eventually become the first Emperor of the new Roman Empire. • Strong Emperors • At first you may think that the Roman republic moving to an empire led by an Emperor was a bad thing. In some cases, this was absolutely true. However, in other cases the Emperor was a good, strong leader who brought peace and prosperity to Rome. Here are a few of the better emperors of Rome: • Caesar Augustus - The first Emperor, Augustus, set a good example for future leaders. After years of civil war in Rome, his rule was a time of peace called the PaxRomana (Roman peace). He established a standing Roman army, a network of roads, and rebuilt much of the city of Rome. • Claudius - Claudius conquered several new areas for Rome and started the conquest of Britain. He also built many roads, canals, and aqueducts. • Trajan - Trajan is considered by many historians to be the greatest of Rome's Emperors. He ruled for 19 years. During that time, he conquered many lands increasing the wealth and size of the empire. He also was an ambitious builder, constructing many lasting buildings throughout Rome. • Marcus Aurelius - Aurelius is called the Philosopher-King. Not only was he Emperor of Rome, but he is also considered one of history's foremost stoic philosophers. Aurelius was the last of the "Five Good Emperors". • Diocletian - He was perhaps both a good and bad emperor. With the Roman Empire growing too large to manage from Rome, Diocletian split the Roman Empire into two sections; the Eastern Roman Empire and the Western Roman Empire. This enabled the huge Empire to be ruled more easily and to defend its borders. However, he also was one of the worst emperors when it came to human rights, persecuting and killing many people, especially Christians, because of their religion.

3. Crazy Emperors Rome also had its share of crazy emperors. A few of them include Nero (who is often blamed for burning Rome), Caligula, Commodus, and Domitian. Constantine the Great Constantine the Great ruled over the Eastern Roman Empire. He was the first Emperor to convert to Christianity and started the Roman conversion to Christianity. He also changed the city of Byzantium to Constantinople, which would be capital of the Eastern Roman Empire for over 1000 years. End of the Roman Empire The two halves of the Roman Empire ended at different times. The Western Roman Empire ended in 476 AD when the last Roman Emperor, Romulus Augustus, was defeated by the German, Odoacer. The Eastern Roman Empire ended with the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 AD.

4. Roman Emperors Test Quiz 6) Which of the following Roman Emperors is considered by many historians to have been a bit crazy? Trajan Caesar Augustus Claudius Caligula Marcus Aurelius 7) Which of the following statements is true about Caesar Augustus? He was the heir of Julius Caesar He was one of the best Roman Emperors He was the first Roman Emperor All of the above None of the above 8) What famous Roman general did Julius Caesar defeat in the Roman civil war? Caesar Augustus Pompey the Great Marcus Aurelius Octavius Marc Antony 9) What Roman Emperor started the conquest of Britain? Marcus Aurelius Diocletian Caligula Trajan Claudius 10) What was Emperor Constantine famous for? Converting to Christianity and turning the Eastern Roman Empire into a Christian empire Splitting up the Roman Empire into two separate empires; the east and west Defeating Cleopatra of Egypt and making Egypt a Roman province Being the last Emperor of Western Rome when it was defeated by Odoacer Being the last Emperor of Eastern Rome when it was defeated by the Ottomans 1) What famous Roman leader put an end to the Roman Republic when he was made dictator? Marc Antony Nero Trajan Julius Caesar Cicero 2) What is Caesar Augustus most known for? He was the first emperor of Rome He was emperor of Rome when the Western Roman Empire fell He converted to Christianity and made Rome a Christian empire He split the Roman Empire into two separate empires He killed Julius Caesar 3) Which of the following Roman Emperors is considered by many historians to be one of the best Roman Emperors in history? Nero Caligula Trajan Commodus Domitian 4) Which Roman Emperor was known for persecuting the Christians? Caesar Augustus Trajan Claudius Nero Diocletian 5) Besides being emperor, what was Marcus Aurelius also famous for? Being a great artist Being an architect of some of the great Roman buildings Being a stoic philosopher Watching Rome burn All of the above

5. Name______________________ The City of Ancient Rome Test Quiz Questions on this quiz are based on information from The City of Ancient Rome. 1) How many hills is it said that Rome was originally built on? 3 5 7 12 21 2) Where did the majority of the people of Rome get their water? From wells outside of the city From the river running through the city From running water inside their houses From merchants who brought water in by horse From fountains placed around the city 3) What area of the city was the center of Roman public life and government? The Forum The Aqueducts Palatine Hill The Pantheon The Rostra 4) What were most of the homes of the poor people in Rome made of? Rock Marble Stone Wood Mud 5) What were aqueducts used for? They were the major roads leading into Rome They brought water into the city They were buildings used by government officials They were places where people met to socialize They were smaller streets within the city 6) True or False: The wealthy people of Rome had running water in their houses? TRUE FALSE 7) What was the purpose of the Rostra in the Forum? An area where the Senate would meet to discuss laws A meeting place where judges heard lawsuits A platform where speeches were made by the people A place where people would socialize and play games An area where people would vote and get counted for the census 8) According to Roman Mythology, who was the first King of Rome? Romulus Julius Caesar Remus Augustus Jupiter 9) What was a Roman Via? A giant arch A paved road A manmade river A moving speech A citizen of Roam 10) How many people lived in the city of Rome during the peak of the Ancient Roman civilization? 50,000 300,000 500,000 1 million 10 million

6. Aim: How can learning about the Ancient Rome and its people during the Roman Empire give us an insight into the play, JULIUS CAESAR by William Shakespeare? Academic Vocabulary: Seize Campaign Dominion Emperor • Do Now-Interpret the following quote: • “If you must break the law, do it to seize power: in all other cases observe it.” by Julius Caesar • Prompt: Julius Caesar once said, ( ). This statement means ( ). I agree with this quote because ( ).

7. Aim: How can we determine if we understood the connection between Ancient Rome and the setting of Julius Caesar? • Do Now: Answer the review questions • What country is Rome located in? • What can you infer based on observing the map of the Roma Empire? • Based on your homework, what question(s) can you ask about the concept(s) you learned about Ancient Rome that can be debated?

8. A Typical Day • A typical Roman day would start off with a light breakfast and then off to work. Work would end in the early afternoon when many Romans would take a quick trip to the baths to bathe and socialize. At around 3pm they would have dinner which was as much of a social event as a meal. • Ancient Roman Jobs • Ancient Rome was a complex society that required a number of different job functions and skills to function. Most of the menial tasks were performed by slaves. Here are some of the jobs a Roman citizen might have: • Farmer - Most of the Romans who lived in the countryside were farmers. The most common crop was wheat which was used to make bread. • Soldier - The Roman Army was large and needed soldiers. The army was a way for the poorer class to earn a regular wage and to gain some valuable land at the end of their service. It was a good way for the poor to move up in status. • Merchant - Merchants of all sorts sold and bought items from around the Empire. They kept the economy rolling and the Empire rich. • Craftsman - From making dishes and pots to crafting fine jewelry and weapons for the army, craftsmen were important to the empire. Some craftsmen worked in individual shops and learned a specific craft, usually from their father. Others were slaves, who worked in large workshops that produced items in large quantities such as dishes or pots. • Entertainers - The people of Ancient Rome liked to be entertained. Just like today, there were a number of entertainers in Rome including musicians, dancers, actors, chariot racers, and gladiators. • Lawyers, Teachers, Engineers - The more educated Romans could become lawyers, teachers, and engineers. • Government - The government of Ancient Rome was huge. There were all sorts of government jobs from tax collectors and clerks to high ranking positions like Senators. The Senators were the wealthy and the powerful. Senators served in their position for life and at times there were as many as 600 members of the Senate. Ancient Rome Food, Jobs, and Daily Life

9. Family • The family unit was very important to the Romans. The head of the family was the father called the paterfamilias. Legally, he had all the power in the family. However, usually the wife had a strong say in what went on in the family. She often handled the finances and managed the household. • School • Roman children started school at the age of 7. Wealthy children would be taught by a full time tutor. Other children went to public school. They studied subjects such as reading, writing, math, literature, and debate. School was mostly for boys, however some wealthy girls were tutored at home. Poor children did not get to go to school. • Roman Toy • Food • Most Romans ate a light breakfast and little food during the day. They would then have a large dinner. Dinner was a major event starting at around three in the afternoon. They would lie on their sides on a couch and be served by the servants. They ate with their hands and would rinse their hands often in water during the meal. • Typical food would have been bread. beans, fish, vegetables, cheese, and dried fruit. They ate little meat. The rich would have had a variety of foods in fancy sauces. How the food looked was just as important as the taste. Some of the food they ate would seem very strange to us, such as mice and peacock tongues. • Clothing • Toga - The toga was a long robe made up of several yards of material. The wealthy wore white togas made from wool or linen. Some colors and markings on togas were reserved for certain people and certain occasions. For example, a toga with a purple border was worn by high ranking senators and consuls, while a black toga was generally only worn during times of mourning. The toga was uncomfortable and hard to wear and was generally only worn in public, not around the house. In later years, the toga grew out of style and most people wore a tunic with a cloak when it was cold. • Tunic - The tunic was more like a long shirt. Tunics were worn by the rich around the house and under their togas. They were the regular dress of the poor.

10. Daily Life in Ancient Rome Test Quiz Questions on this quiz are based on information from Daily Life in Ancient Rome. Circle the correct answer. 1) What type of job did most of the people in the countryside have? Craftsman Soldier Merchant Farmer Engineer 2) What was the big meal of the day for the Romans? Breakfast Brunch Lunch Dinner Late night snack 3) Roman boys began formal schooling at about what age? 3 5 7 9 13 4) In a typical Roman family, what was a typical job for the wife? She would work in the government She would be an entertainer at the theatre She managed the household and finances She made various crafts such as pots and plates She would sit around the house and do nothing 5) If a poor person of the lower class wanted to raise their status in the Roman culture, what kind of job would likely help them? Soldier Farmer Entertainer Teacher Clerk • Name__________________ • 6) How did the Romans typically eat dinner? • Sitting down using forks and spoons • Lying on their sides using their hands • Standing up using their hands • Sitting on the floor using chopsticks • Sitting on a chair with a table using their hands • 7) What type of clothing did Roman citizens wear while out in public? • Tunic • Shirt • Toga • All of the above • None of the above • 8) True or false: The mother was the head of the Roman family unit and had all the power. • TRUE • FALSE • 9) About what time in the day did the Romans start their dinner? • Noon • 3:00 PM • 5:00 PM • 7:00 PM • 10:00 PM • 10) What color was the toga that most people wore out in public on a typical day? • Purple • Red • Blue • Black • White

11. The Roman army was the backbone of the Roman Empire and one of the most successful armies in world history. It was well-trained, well-equipped, and well-organized. In order to guard such a large empire, the army took advantage of well built Roman roads to move about the empire quickly. Who were the soldiers? The soldiers in the Roman Legionary were all Roman citizens. They signed up to fight for 20 years. At the end of the 20 years they were generally awarded land and/or a large sum of money. This way the army was made up of trained and experienced soldiers. It also put land in the hands of loyal soldiers. There were also non-citizen soldiers called auxiliaries. They joined for 25 years and were awarded Roman citizenship at the end of the 25 years. Roman citizenship was a big deal and came with lots of privileges. How was the Roman Army organized? The army was divided up into Legions of around 5400 soldiers. Legions were led by a Legate who was usually a Senator or a Governor. Legions were made up of ten groups of soldiers called cohorts. Cohorts were then further divided into groups of 80 men called centuries. The officers, or leaders, of each century were called centurions. Armor The government knew the importance of the Roman army and provided them with good armor and weapons. Roman soldiers had armor made of strips of strong iron. The iron made the armor strong and the strips made it flexible. They also had iron helmets which protected their heads and neck, but still let them have good vision for fighting. All of this iron armor was heavy, so they needed to be strong and in good shape. They also carried tall shields in some cases. Weapons The Roman soldiers used a variety of weapons including a pugio (dagger), gladius (sword, see picture to the right), hasta (spear), javelin, and bows and arrows. The soldiers were trained to fight with their weapons and practiced on a regular basis. They would sometimes spar with each other using wooden swords. Ancient Rome Roman Army

12. Fun Facts about the Roman Army Officers, such as centurions, wore large crests on their helmets. This allowed the soldiers to see them better in battle. The average legionary carried at least 90 pounds of weight and often had to march 20 miles a day. At its largest, the Roman army was made up of 30 legions, or over 150,000 soldiers. Counting the auxiliary soldiers, some estimate there were well over 1 million soldiers in the Roman army. Gaius Marius, Roman consul and general, is largely credited with transforming the Roman army into the powerful group that conquered much of the civilized world. The Romans used catapults to throw huge rocks which could knock down walls. They also used large crossbows called ballistas to fire arrows that were more the size of spears.

13. Ancient Roman Army Test Quiz • Name_________ 6) What was a Roman centurion? A very old officer who was retired The leader of a legion of men A Roman soldier who was not a citizen An army officer in charge of a century of men A special type of soldier with expertise in engineering 7) About how many men were there in a Roman century? 10 25 50 80 100 8) True or false: Roman soldiers were generally well-rewarded for their service in the army after they retired. TRUE FALSE 9) What great Roman general is generally credited with building the Roman army into a powerful and organized world power? Julius Caesar Trajan Lucius Sulla Augustus Gaius Marius 10) What work of Roman civil engineering was important in allowing the Roman army to protect such a large empire? Miles of Aqueducts leading into Rome The arch A paved network of Roads The Pantheon The Colosseum 1) The main division of the Roman army was around 5400 soldiers. What was this division called? Troop Brigade Regiment Platoon Legion 2) What were auxiliaries in the Roman army? This was a smaller group of 80 men in the legion They were the officers who led the soldiers They were soldiers who were not Roman citizens They were the non-soldiers such as cooks and medics They were soldiers stationed inside the city of Rome 3) What was the armor that the Roman soldiers wore made of? Bones from oxen Bronze Strips of iron Toughened leather Hardened steel 4) What type of weapon was the Roman gladius? A type of sword A spear that could be thrown A long pole that was used from horseback A small knife or dagger A type of bow used with arrows 5) What were two units of Roman soldiers that were smaller than the legion called? Regiment and Platoon Cohort and century Legate and consul Troop and brigade Squad and section

16. The city of Rome was the capital city of the civilization of Ancient Rome. It was located near the west coast of central Italy. Today, Rome is the capital of the country of Italy. The city started out small, but grew as the empire grew. At one point there were over 1 million people living in the city during ancient times. The city was center of power in the world for over 1000 years. Roman RoadsMany major Roman roads led into the city of Rome. The Latin name for road was Via and the major roads leading into Rome included the Via Appia, the Via Aurelia, the Via Cassia, and the Via Salaria. Inside the city itself there were also many paved streets. WaterWater was brought into the city by the use of several aqueducts. Some of the wealthy had running water in their houses while the rest of the people got their water from fountains placed around the city. There were also many public bath houses that were used to bathe and to socialize. Founding of RomeRoman Mythology has it that Rome was founded by the half-god twins Romulus and Remus on April 21, 753 BC. Romulus killed Remus to become the first King of Rome and the city was named after him. The Seven HillsThe city of Ancient Rome was built on seven hills: Aventine Hill, Caelian Hill, Capitoline Hill, Esquiline Hill, Palatine Hill, Quirinal Hill, Viminal Hill. It is said that the original city was founded by Romulus on Palatine Hill. The ForumAt the center of the city and Roman public life was the Forum. This was a rectangular plaza surrounded by public buildings such as temples of the gods and basilicas where commerce and other public functions could take place. Many of the city's major events took place in the forum such as elections, public speeches, trials, and triumphal processions. Ancient Rome The City of Rome

17. Many important buildings were in or around the forum. Some of these included: The Regia - A place where the original kings of Rome lived. Later it became the office for the head of the Roman priesthood, the Pontifex Maximus. • The Comitium - The main meeting place for the Assembly and the center of politics and judicial activity in Rome. • Temple of Caesar - The main temple where Julius Caesar was honored after his death. • Temple of Saturn - Temple to the god of agriculture. • Tabularium - The main records office of Ancient Rome. • Rostra - A platform where people would make speeches. • Senate Curia - The place where the Senate met. • Arch of Septimius Severus - A giant triumphal arch. • In later years the forum would become so crowded with people and buildings that many important functions had to move to other areas of the city. Other BuildingsThe center of Rome had many other famous and important buildings like the Temple of Jupiter, the Colosseum, Circus Maximus, the Pantheon, and Pompey's Theatre. Many of the main government buildings and the homes of the rich were constructed of stone, concrete, and marble. However, homes of the poor were made from wood. These homes caused a considerable fire danger and Rome had many terrible fires throughout its history.