INTEGRATION OF EMS WITH EIA

INTEGRATION OF EMS WITH EIA İlhan TALINLI*, Rana YAMANTÜRK, Egemen AYDIN *İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü 80626 Maslak İstanbul, italinli@ins.itu.edu.tr

INTRODUCTION • Each project proposal on the world is a sum of the processes using environmental sources • These processes use and utilize the sources of ecosystem which is a reactor of them. • The ecosystem is a cybernetic system. • Decision-maker permits to the project according to cost benefit budget of the input-output of the system .

Environmental Impact Assessment • EIA scientifically means of: • Estimation of probable impacts of the project on environmental sources • Assessment of these impacts • Prediction of preventive and protective approaches to minimize the impacts • Application • Monitoring from start to finish

Interdisciplinary Organization for Environmental Risk and Impact Assessment Regulations Impact Permissions Assessment Engineering Ecosystem tests Design Investigation Operation Monitoring Rehabilitation Activities Development Tolarable Effect

EngineeringRisk AssessmentImpact Assessment 1. Conceptual Investigation Design 2. Gaining Rights Pre-operation and Monitoring 3. Ultimate Design 4. Construction Construction Effect Monitoring 5. Preparation Preparation Tests Monitoring 6. Operation Short Term Effect Monitoring 7. Sustainable Long Term Effect Rehabilitation Rehabilitation 8. Temporary Elimination Rehabilitation-Monitoring 9. Ultimate Elimination Ultimate Recovery and and Rehabilitation Rehabilitation Monitoring

It is aimed to understand the tolarable effect between input and output at the project step by this organization. • In all of the engineering, design, operation and rehabilitation steps, all related standards should be assessed. • Therefore, a management system must be used. • This is a EMS project designing the requirements at all steps of the project.

Environmental Management System(Integrated Management Approach) • EMS is a management manner to minimize the adverse effects to environmental system with accounting all constituents of the system. • Total Management Concept is not only management of the activity but also control of the adverse effects to environment. • In other words, An environmental system is managed with considering its inputs, outputs and processes integrally.

Inputs and Outputs in Environmental Systems Raw Material Product, Service ACTIVITY industry, agriculture, urbanization, mining etc. Energy By Product Reuse Non-product output Recovery Waste Hazardous Waste Solid Waste Wastewater Noise Air Emission Radioactive Waste Hospital Waste

Management Concept on Industrial Process Basis Product Source PROCESS Source Management Product Management Emission Emission Management

Raw Material Additives Industrial Management Organization for Total Management Concept The network of processes containing labor, man power and other sources Product Outputs Environmental Effects Threats -Direct -Indirect -During Usage -After Usage -Other By Product Energy Water Air Land Non-product -Wastes -Emissions -Consumption of Sources -Risks -Impacts etc. Effects to Inputs

Integration of the EMS with the EIA • An EMS project should also be designed according to estimated impacts of EIA together with conceptual design project. • The EMS project which has a policy, targets, plan and program etc. aims to minimize the estimated impacts in the EIA

Environmental Management System Three major constituents are considered in integrated management approach. • Waste Management (emissions and impacts) • Sources management(manpower, raw materials) • Management of the risks (Risks from wastes and resources) These management systems are stipulated by exsisting laws and control enforcements.

Management of the Environmental Impacts (Waste management) • Sources of the noxious effects on the environment are usually out-puts of the system. • These are wastes and emissions. • The effects of the out-puts are assessed in the EIA

WASTES • Wastewters • Solid wastes • Air emissions • Hazardous wastes • Radioactive wastes • Hospital wastes • Noise • Micro pollutants • Special wastes • Sludges

Wastewaters Management constituents are as follows; 1.Water supply and conditioning(clean water) 2.Wastewater treatment, recovery and reuse Origines of the Wastewaters; ·processes and operations ·by-processes and others (cndensation water,etc) ·cleaning waters of reactor, proces area and building ·domestic wastewater from toilets, cafeterias and laundries ·storm waters and drenages For both segregate total wastewaters,pollution profile is done, monitored and assessed. They are managed according to apprpriate reatment technologies.

Micropollutants • Micropollutants are known as specific water pollutants, priority pollutants and special or toxic chemicals in OECD, US and other countries respectively. They are published in special lists. • Specific water pollutant was defined as a substance which is mainly introduced into the environment by human activity and which, under given conditions, lowers the quality and value of a water resource, particularly by toxic and nuisance effects on human beings or aquatic life. • They present toxic, carsinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects and advanced treatment and control technics are required. • Micropollutants from diffuse and intermediate sources should also be considered during the management system according to special guides of each country.

Air Emissions These emissions affect indoor and outdoor air quality; ·Outdoor or atmospheric emissions ·Indoor or closed area emissions Control for these emissions; -determine the material or fuel producing emission -determine the sources of the emissions e.g point and diffuse sources(chimney,exhaust etc.) -do pollution profile of the emissions according to their forms (gases, particles, dust, mist, smog, fog) and compounds (SOx NOx, HC, CO2, CO, etc.). -Major management applications are filters, cyclones, desulfurization, wet spraying etc. or proces modification and fuel substitution to reduce the pollutants.

Solid Wastes Solid wastes may be clasified as; ·Municipal solid wastes ( garbage ) ·Industrial process based solid wastes Amount and compozition of the industrial wastes usually reflect the related process input or raw material chracteristic. Management alternatives for both types are one or more as follows; • Waste minimization in source • Collection and sorting of the waste • Recycling • Recovery • Incineration • Landfilling or controlled disposal

Hazardous Wastes • “Hazardous waste“ is a/any specialized and listed waste; • which has acute or chronic hazard potential described as “Flammable” ,”Toxic”, “Corrosive” and/or “Reactive” criteria, • Which should be managed all together with the social, political and economical aspects of the eco-system instead of conventional tratment and disposal techniques because of its composition, constituents, physical form, fate and transport in the environment • Which may be in forms of solid, liquid, slurry, sludge and pressurized gas • Which may be a/any hazardous substance that has been discarded or otherwise designated as a waste material, or one that may become hazardous by interaction with other subtances

Hazardous wastes (cont) • ”Sources of these wastes are mainly industrial and to remove their hazard criteria, it is required the different management methods. • Major steps of the management are“definition”, ”determination”, ”listing” and “treatment-storage-disposal”(T/S/D). • T/S/D facilities can be applied in “ in situ “ or “on site”. • A/any H.W generator is responsible within its EMS policy, if it applies a transfer of the waste to incinerate on the H.W. Site with a manifest , dispose to land in situ, dumping to ocean, deep well injection or dispose to spent mines.

Sludges Wastes in the sludge form: These wastes may be in sludge or slurry form due to liquid content or viscosity. On the oter hand, if the sludge presents a/any hazard criteria such as toxicity, reactivity etc. it should be determined as a H.W. Sources of the wastes in sludge form; • Raw sludge from a/any process or operation • Raw sludge from a waste treatment process or plant • a/any discarded maerial in sludge form All wastewater treatment plants produce a sludge and it needs different handling methods or management for both as H.W. and non-hazardous.

Noise • Noise pollution: Two types of impacts should be considered for each activity; • Noise impacts on indoor and outdoor exposed. • Noise management is not only reducing the noise to stipulated levels but also is protection of the humans or labors arranging with exposure time, frequency, shifts, isolation technics and fixation of the noise instruments. . • In this situation, management of the noise as a waste management coincides with the source management.

Radioactive Wastes • A special management and standard must be applied for these wastes. • In fact, international stipulations and management alternatives have been forced especially for nucleer power stations. • However we have to consider some radioactive or electromagnetic emissions which are exposed in our life. • EMS must cover a protective plan against to these emissions coming from radiobase stations, GSM operators, televisions, computers and some medical vehicles both during exposed in use and after spent of them. • This management step is related with source management steps such as ecofriendly production and human health risk assessement.

Hospital Wastes • The management of these wastes is not only valid to hospital wastes but also is related with all wastes in enfectious charactestic and chemicals threating the human health. • This management is also coincided with source and risks management.

Source Management (Human sources and Raw materials) • There are big relations between waste and source management • A good management of the environmental resources and protection can be minimized the amount of the waste from utilized the source. • The most important law in USA is RCRA (resource conservation and recovery act) and even waste management rules are enforced by this act.

Source Management(cont) Inputs of the process such as energy and raw materials are environmental sources and they are; ·renewable sources (after utilization they can be recycled as a source to ecosystem; water,wind, sun, etc.) ·non-renewable sources( after utilization they can not recovered as a source by ecosystem; mines,oils,fossil fuels,coal etc.) In an EMS, the source management is prior to waste management and it should be started by source management such as human and raw materials.

Source Management(cont) There is relation between source management and EMS policy e.g environmental protection concept in based on mechanism of as follows; • Precoution of reducing of the pollution load in us of raw materials • Carefll use of energy-using of clean energy • Selection of the new and clean technologies eliminating by-products and waste • Waste minimization by modification of process in plant • Responsable care during distribution of the product and after production • Production of the ecofriendly product • Accidents, occupational safety health, human health and security • Environmental education, training and consciousess • Esthetical, ergonomic and recreative environment • Environmental monitoring and auditing

Environmental Management Sstem Project • Aim of the EMS project is designing of the methods to minimize the impacts according to estimated risks and emissions • Eficiency points of the design and applications must be maximized. • Feasability of the project is assessed according to achivement of the removed undesired impacts and feedback of the policy and targets of the EMS Project.

Framework of the EMS Project Determine the policy Environmental Engineer • Determine the env. values • Give points • Assess them Targets of the policy Owner of the project Planning Programme Management Project Environmental Engineering Waste management Source management Env. Risks management • Pollution profile • Env. And discharge stnd. • Policy and targets • Appropriate treatment and disposal design • Monitoring • Optimum usage • Arangement in plant • Ecofriendly production • Responsibility • Monitoring • Risk management • Estimating • Emergency action plan • Occupational and human health and standards • Monitoring, feedbacks Above systematic should be appropriate the existing law or should be revized them Feasibility of the EMSP • The ratio between EMSP efficiency and ecosystem values must be bigger than 0.60 • This value is a treshold value for decision makers and permissions.

EMS Project Model Approach • Model aim is occouring a cumulative model assessing the applicable main criteria with positive points but others with negative. • EMSP positive points is divided by ecosystem sensitivity points. • This ratio should be bigger than 0.60 and this is proposed as “treshold value” for a permission of an activity or critical value for decission maker.

EMSP Model Equation EMSPo = AY – B + KY + EX • EMSPo:Total points of EMS • B: points of size • AY: Waste management points • KY: source management points • EX: extra or additional benefits to environment

Equation of the Ecosystem Characteristics Ec = BS + CK + YFK • Ec:Ecosystem chracteristics • BS: Boundry of the assessed area • CK: Environmental sources • YFK: Life, activityand manner of usage

Conclusions • An integrated EMSP within the EIA is recommend as objective solution method against to subjective assessments of the each activity or proposal project. • Feasibility value of the project should be; CYSP/EC>0.60 for decission maker and permissions.

INTEGRATION OF EMS WITH EIA