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Herpes

VIRUSES. Herpes. Viruses –. are particles that are NOT ALIVE. Viruses reproduce ONLY inside a living CELL. The Structure Of a Virus. Inner core of nucleic acid (This is the Viruses genetic material) Some contain DNA or RNA but never both.

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Herpes

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  1. VIRUSES Herpes

  2. Viruses – are particles that are NOT ALIVE.

  3. Viruses reproduce ONLY inside a living CELL.

  4. The Structure Of a Virus • Inner core of nucleic acid (This is the Viruses genetic material) • Some contain DNA or RNA but never both. • Surrounded by one or two protein coats called a capsid.

  5. EXAMPLES OF THE MANY DIFFERENT SHAPES OF VIRUSES • Tobacco Mosaic Virus • Polio Virus • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) • Bacteriophage T4

  6. E. Coli and the Bacteriophage What it looks like in real life

  7. T4 Bacteriophage

  8. Every virus has a specially shaped device called an attachment protein that can only attach to a few kinds of cells.

  9. Example of what bacteriophage (a type of virus) does to a cell: Step 1: ATTACHMENT Step 2: ENTRY: Bacteriophage injects nucelic acid into the bacterial cell Step 3: REPLICATION: Host’s metabolic machinery makes viral nucleic acid and proteins

  10. Step 4: ASSEMBLY: New Virus particles are assembled Step 5: LYSIS AND RELEASE: Host cell breaks open and releases new virus particles

  11. Receptor proteins are proteinsembedded in the cell membrane that bind to a signal molecule enabling it to respond to the signal molecule. • Viruses are segments of nucleic acids contained in a protein coat. They are pathogens and reproduce by infecting cells and using the cell to make more viruses. • Are viruses living? NO

  12. Viruses have a protein coat and nucleic acid which are characteristics of living cells. • Viruses also have characteristics of nonliving cells which are: viruses do not respire, do not grow and CANNOT reproduce outside a living cell.

  13. BECAUSE THEY DO NOT HAVE ALL THE PROPERTIES OF LIVING THINGS BIOLOGISTS DO NOT CONSIDER THEM LIVING.

  14. Viruses reproduce using 2 different cycles: • Lytic cycle : Virus injects the cell with its genetic information, the information is integrated with the host’s DNA , the host is now replicating viral genes assembles the new viruses, and host cell is broken to release the new viruses. EX: cold & flu • Lysogenic cycle_: Virus infects the cell, integrates its genetic information with the host’s DNA, the host divides normally, and then provirus may enter the lytic cycle. EX: herpes & HIV

  15. attaches Bacterial Lytic cycle DNA normally viruses Viruses DNA

  16. HIVis a virus that causes AIDS.Auto Immunodeficiency Syndrome • It has spikes on its surface that matches a receptor protein on macrophages, which is an immune system cell that engulfs pathogens, and infections fighting cells called lymphocytes.

  17. AIDS is: a disease in which an individual is unable to defend the body against infections that do not normally occur in healthy individuals. • HIV infected people feel healthy for years and can spread it to others without knowing they are infected. HIV is NOT spread through casual contact but is transmitted in body fluids. This includes: sexual contact, blood, and breast milk

  18. Structure of HIV: envelope composed of lipid bilayer from host cell, capsid and genetic material in the form of RNA. • HIV attached to the cell at the receptors called CD4 which activates a co-receptor that in turn starts endocytosis.

  19. This process occurs for years after infection an eventually mutates to a point it now recognizes a new cell surface receptor on T-Cells. HIV reproduces in the T cells and destroys them. This increases the amount of viral particles in the blood. The destruction of T cells blocks the body’s immune response and signals the onset of AIDS.

  20. Ebola What is Ebola virus disease? Ebola virus disease (formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever) is a severe, often fatal illness, with a death rate of up to 90% caused by Ebola virus, a member of the filovirus family. The Ebola virus was first identified in 1976 when 2 simultaneous outbreaks occurred, 1 in Yambuku, a village not far from the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the other in a remote area of Sudan. The origin of the virus is unknown, but current evidence suggests that fruit bats (Pteropodidae) may be a host.

  21. Hepatitis

  22. Polio Polio, or poliomyelitis, is a crippling and potentially deadly infectious disease. It is caused by the poliovirus. The virus spreads from person to person and can invade an infected person’s brain and spinal cord, causing paralysis (can’t move parts of the body). Jonas Salk – Vaccine in 1955

  23. Rabies Anxiety Fever Headache Nausea Confusion Hyperactivity Excess salivation Fear of water (hydrophobia) due to difficulty in swallowing Hallucinations Priapism (permanent erection) Photophobia Nightmares Insomnia Partial paralysis. Rabies is nearly always transmitted by an infected animal bite. Rabies is a viral disease. For rabies treatment to be successful, it must be given before any symptoms appear. Rabbits very rarely carry rabies. If bitten, medical help should be sought immediately. A fear of light and water are among rabies' symptoms. India is the country most affected by rabies. People can help prevent rabies by getting your pet vaccinated. Puppy pregnancy syndrome has increased the rabies death toll in India.

  24. Smallpox vaccine, the first successful vaccine to be developed, was introduced by Edward Jenner in 1796. Smallpox

  25. Vaccines • Are used to PREVENT viral infections- What vaccines have you received in your lifetime? • Viruses grown on chicken embryos are attenuated vaccines • Another type of vaccine is made by heat killing the virus

  26. BACTERIA (MONERANS) • Are the simplest of all living things and are prokaryotes (unicellular, Do NOT have a nucleus, and NO membrane bound organelles) Most are heterotrophs (Feed on other organisms).

  27. Characteristics of Bacteria: • Small • Unicellular • Circular DNA called a plasmid • Can form endospores under harsh conditions

  28. 2 types of reproduction: • Binary fission (Asexual) – Chromosomes replicate and the cell divides • Conjugation (Sexual) – Exchange of genetic material through cell to cell contact

  29. 2 Groups of Bacteria: • Archaebacteria (Ancient) • Methanogens – produce methane • Thermophiles – live in hot water • Halophiles – live in salty conditions (in the Dead Sea) • Eubacteria

  30. Archaebacteria Methanogens- Produce methane **Found in peat in marshes or hot springs **Responsible for flatulence

  31. Archaebacteria Thermophiles- live in HOT water Thermophiles produce some of the bright colors of Grand Prismatic Spring, Yellowstone National Park Pompei worms survive with symbiotic relationship with thermophilic archaebacteria

  32. Archaebacteria Halophiles- Live in salty conditions (Dead Sea)

  33. STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA • Capsule: prevents bacteria from being easily engulfed by white blood cells • Flagella: Long thread-like (whip-like) tail that enables the bacteria to move • Cell wall: gives the cell shape and prevents osmosis from bursting the cell (Scientist use Gram-Staining to reveal the cell wall structure)

  34. STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA • Chromosomes (nuclear material): not enclosed in a nucleus; a single DNA molecule; arranged as a CIRCULAR chromosome • Plasma Membrane: regulates what enters and leaves the cell

  35. SHAPES OF BACTERIA Bacilli,or rod-shaped Spirilli, or spiral shaped Cocci, or round

  36. ANTIBIOTICS • Are used to kill bacterial infections • DO NOT WORK AGAINST VIRUSES Pathogens • Any living organisms or particle that can cause an infectious disease is called infectious agent, or pathogen

  37. Mutualism • Symbiosis in which two of the species live together in such a way that both benefit from the relationship • Ex. E. coli • Escherichia coli

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