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Reinforcement Approach to Work Motivation

Reinforcement Approach to Work Motivation. PRINCIPLE. WORK BEHAVIOR IS A FUNCTION OF ITS CONTINGENT CONSEQUENCES. Main Idea: A – B - C. A cues B is determined by C. Antecedents. Behavior. Consequence. Categories of C & Law of Effect. EVERY BEHAVIOR FOLLOWED BY POSITIVE

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Reinforcement Approach to Work Motivation

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  1. Reinforcement Approach to Work Motivation

  2. PRINCIPLE WORK BEHAVIOR IS A FUNCTION OF ITS CONTINGENT CONSEQUENCES

  3. Main Idea: A – B - C • AcuesB is determined byC Antecedents Behavior Consequence

  4. Categories of C & Law of Effect EVERY BEHAVIOR FOLLOWED BY POSITIVE CONSEQUENCES WILL TEND TO BE REPEATED EVERY BEHAVIOR FOLLOWED BY NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES WILL TEND TO DECREASE IN FREQUENCY EVERY BEHAVIOR FOLLOWED BY NO CONSEQUENCES WILL TEND TO FIRST INCREASE AND THEN DECREASE IN FREQUENCY

  5. Types of Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement + + Extinction Punishment - -

  6. Positive Reinforcement • What is it? • THE APPLICATION OF A POSITIVE REINFORCER UPON A DESIRED BEHAVIOR • What is a Positive Reinforcer? • ANYTHING THAT INCREASES THE FRREQUENCY OF A DESIRED BEHAVIOR

  7. Positive Reinforcement: Application • REINFORCER VS. REWARD • CONTINGENCY • IMMEDIACY • SIZE OF THE REINFORCER (RELATIVE) • REINFORCER DEPRIVATION (RELATIVE)

  8. Negative Reinforcement • DESIRED PERFORMANCE CAN PREVENT AN ONSET OF A NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCE (Avoidance Learning) • DESIRED PERFORMANCE CAN TERMINATE AN ALREADY PRESENT NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCE (Escape Learning) • APPLICATION ISSUES • Perception of Blackmail • Positive Reinforcement Works Better

  9. Extinction AN UNDESIRED BEHAVIOR IS FOLLOWED BY NO CONSEQUENCES, WHICH IS THEN FOLLOWED BY POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT CRITICAL APPLICATION ISSUES Behavior Increases First Subsequent Positive Reinforcement is a Must Avoid Unintended Extinction of Desired Behaviors

  10. Punishment - By Application CRITICAL APPLICATION ISSUES Emotional Side Effects Inner Cause and Suppression of Behavior AN IMPOSITION OF AVERSIVE CONSEQUENCES UPON UNDESIRED BEHAVIORS

  11. Punishment - by Removal DESIRED CONSEQUENCE THAT IS ALREADY PRESENT IS REMOVED FOLLOWING UNDESIRED BEHAVIOR CRITICAL APPLICATION ISSUES Discourages Reporting of Potential Problems Performance Feedback is Much Better Alternative May not be Immediately Obvious

  12. Schedules of Reinforcement • Intermittent • Performance Improvement is More Permanent When We Reinforce Desired Behaviors Only Part of the Time

  13. Intermittent Schedules Fixed Variable Interval Friday Pay Check Promotions Ratio Quota Gambling

  14. Take-Home Messages LIKELY TO SUCCEED Hoping for “A” and reinforcing “A” Systematic reinforcement Rewards for success are meaningful and certain Reinforcement of desired behaviors GUARANTEED TO FAIL Reinforcing “A” while hoping for “B” Random Rewarding Rewards for success are small and uncertain while punishment for failure is fatal and sure Extinction of desired behaviors

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