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Contrast adaptive radiation vs. convergent evolution? Give an example of each.

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Contrast adaptive radiation vs. convergent evolution? Give an example of each. What is the correct sequence from the most comprehensive to least comprehensive taxon ?

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Contrast adaptive radiation vs. convergent evolution? Give an example of each.

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  1. Contrast adaptive radiation vs. convergent evolution? Give an example of each. • What is the correct sequence from the most comprehensive to least comprehensive taxon? • In a population of 500 rabbits, 320 are homozygous dominant for brown coat color (BB), 160 are heterozygous (Bb), and 20 are homozygous white (bb). • What are the frequencies of the alleles (B and b)? • What are the frequencies of the different genotypes (BB, Bb, and bb)?

  2. Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

  3. What you need to know: • The taxonomic categories and how they indicate relatedness. • How systematics is used to develop phylogenetic trees. • The three domains of life including their similarities and their differences.

  4. Systematics: classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships Taxonomy (classification) Systematics Phylogenetics (evolutionary history)

  5. Tools used to determine evolutionary relationships: • Fossils • Morphology (homologous structures) • Molecular evidence (DNA, amino acids) Who is more closely related? Animals and fungi are more closely related than either is to plants.

  6. Taxonomy: science of classifying and naming organisms • Binomial nomenclature (Genus species) Naming system developed by Carolus Linnaeus.

  7. REMEMBER!! • Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti • Dear King Philip Crossed Over Five Great Seas • Dear King Philip Came Over From Germany Stoned • Your own???

  8. Phylogenetic Tree • Branching diagram that shows evolutionary history of a group of organisms

  9. Constructing a Cookie Phylogenetic Tree Video: Bozeman or SimpleBiology

  10. What is the difference between: • Phylogenetic tree and a Cladogram?

  11. Leopard Turtle Hair Salamander • Clade= group of species that includes an ancestral species + all descendents. (*Lines do not = time) • Shared derived characteristics areused to construct cladograms Amniotic egg Tuna Four walking legs Lamprey Hinged jaws Lancelet (outgroup) Vertebral column Cladogram

  12. Monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic groups

  13. Constructing a phylogenetic tree A 0 indicates a character is absent; a 1 indicates that a character is present.

  14. Branch lengths can represent genetic change (phylogenetic trees)

  15. Branch lengths can indicate time (Phylo.Trees)

  16. Draw a phylogenetic tree based on the data below. Draw hatch marks on the tree to indicate the origin(s) of each of the 6 characters.

  17. Answer:

  18. What is: • Parsimony? Watch this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0iAm-JQcrs

  19. Principle of maximum parsimony: use simplest explanation (fewest DNA changes) for tree – “keep it simple” • Molecular clocks: some regions of DNA appear to evolve at constant rates • Estimate date of past evolutionary events • Eg. Origin of HIV infection in humans= 1930’s

  20. Construct a cladogram:

  21. Create a cladogram:

  22. Answer: Closely related-1 and 2. Also, 3 and 4. However, they’re not closely related to each other

  23. More practice needed? • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09eD4A_HxVQ • *the site given on your hard copy is down 

  24. Various tree layouts Circular (rooted) tree Unrooted tree Rooted tree

  25. Tree of Life • 3 Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

  26. SYSTEMATICS focuses on phylogeny Biological diversity taxonomy cladistics classification Identification of species D K P C O F G S Homologous similarities fossils binomial molecular Genus, species morphology

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