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Contrast adaptive radiation vs. convergent evolution? Give an example of each.

Contrast adaptive radiation vs. convergent evolution? Give an example of each. What is the correct sequence from the most comprehensive to least comprehensive taxon ?

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Contrast adaptive radiation vs. convergent evolution? Give an example of each.

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  1. Contrast adaptive radiation vs. convergent evolution? Give an example of each. • What is the correct sequence from the most comprehensive to least comprehensive taxon? • In a population of 500 rabbits, 320 are homozygous dominant for brown coat color (BB), 160 are heterozygous (Bb), and 20 are homozygous white (bb). • What are the frequencies of the alleles (B and b)? • What are the frequencies of the different genotypes (BB, Bb, and bb)?

  2. Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

  3. What you need to know: • The taxonomic categories and how they indicate relatedness. • How systematics is used to develop phylogenetic trees. • The three domains of life including their similarities and their differences.

  4. Systematics: classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships Taxonomy (classification) Systematics Phylogenetics (evolutionary history)

  5. Tools used to determine evolutionary relationships: • Fossils • Morphology (homologous structures) • Molecular evidence (DNA, amino acids) Who is more closely related? Animals and fungi are more closely related than either is to plants.

  6. Taxonomy: science of classifying and naming organisms • Binomial nomenclature (Genus species) Naming system developed by Carolus Linnaeus.

  7. REMEMBER!! • Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti • Dear King Philip Crossed Over Five Great Seas • Dear King Philip Came Over From Germany Stoned • Your own???

  8. Phylogenetic Tree • Branching diagram that shows evolutionary history of a group of organisms

  9. Constructing a Cookie Phylogenetic Tree Video: Bozeman or SimpleBiology

  10. What is the difference between: • Phylogenetic tree and a Cladogram?

  11. Leopard Turtle Hair Salamander • Clade= group of species that includes an ancestral species + all descendents. (*Lines do not = time) • Shared derived characteristics areused to construct cladograms Amniotic egg Tuna Four walking legs Lamprey Hinged jaws Lancelet (outgroup) Vertebral column Cladogram

  12. Monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic groups

  13. Constructing a phylogenetic tree A 0 indicates a character is absent; a 1 indicates that a character is present.

  14. Branch lengths can represent genetic change (phylogenetic trees)

  15. Branch lengths can indicate time (Phylo.Trees)

  16. Draw a phylogenetic tree based on the data below. Draw hatch marks on the tree to indicate the origin(s) of each of the 6 characters.

  17. Answer:

  18. What is: • Parsimony? Watch this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0iAm-JQcrs

  19. Principle of maximum parsimony: use simplest explanation (fewest DNA changes) for tree – “keep it simple” • Molecular clocks: some regions of DNA appear to evolve at constant rates • Estimate date of past evolutionary events • Eg. Origin of HIV infection in humans= 1930’s

  20. Construct a cladogram:

  21. Create a cladogram:

  22. Answer: Closely related-1 and 2. Also, 3 and 4. However, they’re not closely related to each other

  23. More practice needed? • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09eD4A_HxVQ • *the site given on your hard copy is down 

  24. Various tree layouts Circular (rooted) tree Unrooted tree Rooted tree

  25. Tree of Life • 3 Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

  26. SYSTEMATICS focuses on phylogeny Biological diversity taxonomy cladistics classification Identification of species D K P C O F G S Homologous similarities fossils binomial molecular Genus, species morphology

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