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COALITION/COMBINED TASK FORCE TRAINING

COALITION/COMBINED TASK FORCE TRAINING. Forming the COALITION / COMBINED Task Force (CTF). MPAT Secretariat. Forming the COALITION/COMBINED Task Force (CTF). Purpose : Familiarization with the fundamentals of establishing a COALITION/COMBINED Task Force (CTF) Terminology and Design

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COALITION/COMBINED TASK FORCE TRAINING

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  1. COALITION/COMBINED TASK FORCE TRAINING Forming the COALITION / COMBINED Task Force (CTF) MPAT Secretariat

  2. Forming the COALITION/COMBINED Task Force (CTF) • Purpose: Familiarization with the fundamentals of establishing a COALITION/COMBINED Task Force (CTF) • Terminology and Design • Command and Control • CTF Headquarters Staff and MNF Force Structure • References • MNF SOP (First Draft) • Joint Pub 0-2, Unified Action Armed Forces, 24 Feb 95 • JP 3-0, Doctrine for Joint Operations,10 Sep 01 • JP 3-16, Doctrine for Multinational Operations • JP 3-56 Command and Control Doctrine for Joint Ops, Draft, Apr 97 • JP 5-00.2 Joint Task Force Planning Guidance and Procedures, 13 Jan 99

  3. Multinational Operations “ ‘Multinational operations’ is a collective term to describe military actions conducted by forces of two or more nations. Such operations are usually undertaken within the structure of a coalition or alliance” JP 3-16

  4. Key Terminology • MNF: Multinational Force – “Broad Overarching Term” • Describes the “broader force” and includes the participating Nation’s and Strategic Planning Headquarters (HQs). • The entire organization of nations, participating forces, and support based upon “shared interests”. • Two Types of MNF Operations: • Coalition: Ad-Hoc / Crisis Based (East Timor) • Combined: Alliance / Treaty Based (Example: NATO or UNC / CFC - Korea)

  5. Key Terminology (cont) • CTF: Coalition / Combined Task Force • Coalition TF (CTF): Ad-Hoc / Crisis-Oriented • Combined TF (CTF): Alliance / Treaty-Based (predeterminedguidelines and / or contingency plans present)

  6. Strategic Guidance • Effective Mission Accomplishment by a CTF requires clear and legitimate strategic guidance from a higher headquarters • Sources of Guidance: • Multinational Regional Organization guidance based upon alliance / treaty. • Coalition Multinational Organizational guidance based upon crisis action coordination / collaboration and ad-hoc (non-treaty) actions. • UN Security Council or General Assembly resolution and mandate for multinational military operations (UN authorized or UN lead).   • Unilateral Operations by a single country that evolves into a coalition operation or UN operation.

  7. Essential Strategic Guidance • Essential Strategic Guidance: • Purpose for MNF Action (purpose for CTF activation) • Broad Mission Statement MNF (CTF) • Broad Objectives for MNF (CTF) • Broad Criteria for termination and transition of MNF Opns • Participating Nations and contribution • Lead Nation for effort and MNF SOP that will be used • Agreement on Collective Security Interests Involved • Specific Diplomatic, Economic, Informational, or Military Limitations, Concerns, Sensitivities

  8. “The Realities” Essential Strategic Guidance • Guidance may be initially incomplete or fragmentary due to the complex and rapidly evolving crisis situation • Guidance will require ongoing refinements and adjustments as the crisis evolves • Strategic and CTF commanders / staff need to continually press for updated / refined guidance as required by the situation (never-ending process)

  9. Command Relationships &Control / Coordination Relationships • Foundation: Two Chains of Command Always Exist • Within the CTF command, each nations’ forces are commanded by TWO separate chains of command: #1: The Respective “NATIONAL” Chain of Command #2: The CTF “MULTINATIONAL” Chain of Command

  10. Command Relationship Terms • Command and Control Relationships / Concepts: • Operational Control (OPCON): Command authority to organize and employ forces, assign tasks, designate objectives, and give authoritive direction necessary to accomplish the mission • Tactical Control (TACON): A more restrictive command authority, limited to the detailed control of movements or maneuvers within a give operational area (AO) necessary to accomplish assigned missions or tasks. • SUPPORT: Command authority for support relationships to assist in the coordination and direction of MNF logistical planning, coordination, and control / direction

  11. MNF / CTF Missions Peace Enforcement NEO CM MOOTW / SSC is most likely scenario • Short Duration / Small Scale / No-Notice • Joint • Multinational / Interagency Peace Keeping HA/ Disaster Relief SSC MRC

  12. Facts and Decisions Affecting MNF/CTF Structure Facts Decisions Assigned Tasks CTF Mission Required Capabilities Force Options Force Options Component Structure Component Structure C2 Structure Basing Support Structure • CTF Staff Structure • MNF Force Structure

  13. Unified Action in Multinational Ops Coordination and Consensus: Key elements for MNF operations Unity of Command is desired -- Unity of Effort is required Principles of Multinational Unity of Effort • COMMON UNDERSTANDING • All forces should understand the overall aim and the concept for its • attainment. Simplicity of plan and organization are essential • COORDINATED POLICY AND PLANS • Nations should exchange qualified liaison officers at the earliest • opportunity to improve interoperability and mutual • understanding • TRUST AND CONFIDENCE • Commanders and their representatives must establish and • maintain trust and confidence. Plain, objective communication • and common courtesy are essential.

  14. “The” Goal A MNF/CTF that can: • Rapidly plan in a complex setting • Develop a plan which supports national and strategic theater goals • Continuously integrate logistics • Orient on the threat/enemy’s center of gravity • Efficiently execute a plan based on the commander’s concept • Achieve synergy in the employment of all military and inter-agency capabilities

  15. Lead Nation Concept • A Lead Nation is designated by the participating nations within the MNF effort • Lead Nation is responsible for the strategic consultation / coordination for the MNF effort • Among nations • With UN channels • With other Non-Governmental or International Organization (NGO / IO) • Lead Nation acts as the “single channel” of MNF strategic direction / guidance to military forces within the MNF effort based upon collaboration and agreements with participating nations • Provides for “unity of effort”

  16. Lead Nation Command Structure (Provides for Integrated Command and Control – Unity of Command & Effort) Participating Nation #2 (NAT AUTHORITIES) Lead Nation NCA (Nation #1) (NAT AUTHORITIES) Participating Nation #3 (NAT AUTHORITIES) Supporting Strategic Commander Supported Strategic Commander (CDF) Supporting Strategic Commander (AFP JCS) Commander Coalition / Combined Task Force (CCTF) Consultation / Coordination National CommandElement (NCE) National Command Element (NCE) Collaboration/ Support Participating AFP Forces Participating US Forces Participating AS Forces Strategic Guidance OPCON or TACON And Support National Command National Command, Theater

  17. Tailored Lead Nation Command Structure (Parallel Command -- Foreign Command of Nation’s Forces is an Issue) Nation #1 Lead Nation Consultation / Coordination Supporting Strategic Commander Supported Strategic Commander Collaboration/ Coordination Participating Nation #1 Commander CCTF Coalition Coordination Center Participating Nation #1 Participating Nation #2 Participating Nation #3 Legend: Strategic Guidance OPCON or TACON And Support National Command National Command, Coordination

  18. CTF Component Structure (Service) Simplicity in a Time Compressed Environment Capabilities or functions do not overlap Supported Strategic Cmdr CCTF CNAVFOR CAFFOR CARFOR CMARFOR CSOTF

  19. Lead Nation CTF Component Organization Service Component & Task Force National Forces National Forces National Forces National Forces National Forces National Forces National Forces National Forces Legend: Strategic Guidance And Support OPCON or TACON National Command Tentative, This component may or may not be activated due to nature of the crisis. Coordination, Support and Consultation Supporting Nation (s) (NAT AUTH) Lead Nation (NAT AUTH) Supporting Strategic Commander(s) Supported Strategic Commander CCC Coalition Coordination Center (used in coalitions) Commander Coalition / Combined Task Force (CCTF) CCC CARFOR Army Forces CNAVFOR Navy Forces CAFFOR Air Forces CSOTF CMARFOR MARINE Forces CMOTF (Civil Military) CPOTF (Psychological)

  20. CTF Component Structure (Functional) Organize by capabilities or functions Unity of Effort Supported Strategic Commander CINC CCTF CFMCC CFACC CFLCC CSOTF CPOTF CCMOTF

  21. Lead Nation CTF Component Organization Functional Component & Task Force Legend: Strategic Guidance And Support OPCON or TACON National Command Tentative, This component may or may not be activated due to nature of the crisis. Coordination, Support and Consultation Supporting Nation)s) (NAT AUTH) Lead Nation (NAT AUTH) Supported Strategic Commander Supporting Strategic Commander(s) CCC Coalition Coordination Center (used within coalitions) Commander Coalition / Combined Task Force (CCTF) CCC CFLCC Ground Component CFMCC Maritime Component CFACC Air Component CSOTF National Forces National Forces National Forces National Forces National Forces National Forces National Forces National Forces CCMOTF CPOTF

  22. CTF Component Structure (Subordinate TFs & CTFs) Geographic or Mission Specific Unity of Effort Supported Strategic Commander CINC CCTF CTF TRANS CTF MED TF Eng TF Security TF EAST TF WEST

  23. The CTF Staff • Task Organized to the Specific Mission • Capable of Rapid Information Processing • Organized for Efficiency • Shortened Plan-Decide-Execute Cycle

  24. The Leap to the Operational Level Lead Nation NAT AUTH Supported Strategic Cmdr MPAT & MNF SOP CTF TACTICAL LEVEL CMARFOR CNAVFOR CARFOR CAFFOR CSOTF CPOTF A formidable challenge, building an operational staff from single service tactical HQs. A leap from the “Comfort Zone”

  25. Not Business As Usual Minimal Time Philosophy Structure Procedures Cellular Staff Structure Ops Comm Intel Plans Log Pers CTF Staff Process Crisis Action Planning Phase I: Situation Development Phase II: Crisis Assessment Phase III: COA Development Phase IV: COA Selection Phase V: Execution Planning Phase VI: Execution Operational Level Focus Conducted by a “New” Staff

  26. FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF Single Service HQ Staff COMMANDER G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6

  27. Forming the CTF Staff (MNF Ops) LNOs from Supporting Commands Add’l MPAT SMEs: PSYOP, Civil Affairs, Legal, Medical, Pol-Mil, etc. MPAT Lead Nation CTF Headquarters C1/Personnel C2/ Intel C3/ Ops C4/ Log C5/ Plans C6/ Comms Cultural Dynamics SOPs CTF HQ Infrastructure Differences Communications Operational Level focus TTPs

  28. FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF CTF Staff Structure CCTF • Command Group • Battle Staff • Integrated Staff Cells • Routine Support • Liaison C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 LIAISON How Does It Work?

  29. FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF Command Group CCTF • Decision Makers • Intent • Guidance • CCIR C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 LIAISON

  30. FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF Battle Staff CCTF • Chief of Staff Direction • Staff Cognizance over Integrated Cells • Represents all Key Battlefield Operating Systems • Deals with Processed Data C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 LIAISON

  31. FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF Integrated Staff Cells CCTF • Cross Functional Representation • LNO Representation • Information Management • Battle Rhythm • Plans Handover C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 COALITION / COMBINED PLANNING GROUP (CPG) INFORMATION OPERATIONS CELL COALITION / COMBINED OPERATIONS CENTER (COC) FORCES DEPLOYMENT / TPFDD WORKING GROUP LIAISON

  32. FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF Routine Staff Support CCTF • More Closely Aligned with Normal Staff Organization • Representatives on Integrated Cell • More meetings than Bodies: Battle Rhythm • Linkage to staffs higher and lower C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 LIAISON

  33. FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF Liaison “They are crucial to success, and you have to pick your best people. They have to have the moxie to stand up in front of a two or four star general, and brief him on what their commander is thinking, their unit’s capabilities, and make their recommendations.” • Liaison supporting, higher and lower staffs • Liaisons to CTF staff become key members of Integrated Cells • More meetings than Bodies: Battle Rhythm • Rank/Experience critical: Must be able to speak for the commander LTG Stiner, USA Cdr, JTF South, Operation Just Cause CCTF C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 LIAISON

  34. Standardized CTF HQs Red Area “ Shared Top Level Classification Info Area Commander Coalition / Combined Task Force (CCTF) Special Access Ops (SOF) Classification: Case by Case Classification: Secret – MNF REL DCCTF Coalition Coordination Center (CCC) Civil-Military Operations Center (CMOC) Personal Staff COS C4 LOG C5 PLANS C6 COMMS C7 CIV-MIL C2 INTEL C3 OPNS C1 PERS CTF PLANNING PROCESS(PLANS, FOPS, AND COPS) Coalition / Combined Logistics Coordination Center (CLCC) Secret – MNF REL Multinational and CTF Media Support Staffs (Coalition / Combined Media Pools) LIAISON & COORD = MNF REL = MULTINATIONAL FORCE RELEASABLE

  35. CAP Products Collaboration Tools CAP Phase VI Execution Plans and Operations Synchronization Command Group Prioritize/Task CTF Planning Efforts & Provide Direction/Guidance CTF Battle Staff CTF: 168 Hrs / Next Phase Transition, or Termination CTF: 0-96 Hrs CTF: 96-168 Hrs C3 Current Operations (COPS) C3 Future Operations (FOPS) C5 Future Plans (PLANS) “Hand-Off” of Plan “Hand-Off” of Plan Initial & Campaign Plan Follow-on Phase - Plans What’s Next? Issues Orders, Drafts Pertinent Messages Monitor, Assess, Direct & Control Execution. Maintain SA. Refines, Adjusts & Modifies OPORDs-OPLANs (Based upon Current Situation) CAP Products • OPORD-OPLANS / Campaign Plan • Sequel plans for future phases • Concept of operations • Draft Cmdr’s Intent • Initial Cmdr’s guidance • Wargaming results • Pol-Mil Issues • Situational Awareness (SA / COP) • Monitor Plan Execution • Briefings • SITREP/ near-term FRAGOs • Message Release • Track Actions / Suspenses • Branch plans with triggers • Draft Commander’s Intent • Commanders Estimate • Orders (WARNO, FRAGO, Etc.) • Recommend CCIR, ROE • CCIR & ROE 12

  36. Coalition/Combined Planning Group (CPG) C-2 Staff C-3 Staff C-4 Staff C-1 Staff C-3 Reps C-2 Reps C-1 Reps C-4 Reps Deployment Cell CPG C-5 Staff C-5 Reps JTF Comp IO Cell IM Cell LNOs Orders Cell Med Reps C-6 Reps Medical Staff SJA Reps PA Reps C-6 Staff PA Staff SJA Staff

  37. Summary: Lessons Learned- Forming • Lesson Learned: • Clearly define command relationships between components • (especially “supported” and supporting relationships) • Lesson Learned: • Augmentation “cells” (i.e. MPAT) clearly provide a “jump start” to the processes of forming and planning during a crisis. • Lesson Learned: • Keep the number of cells/boards/agencies/centers to a minimum, but if the function is required, forming them is usually beneficial.

  38. Lessons Learned - Planning • Lesson Learned: • “Master the mechanics & techniques; understand the art and profession; • and be smart enough to know when to • deviate from it.” GEN Zinni, CINCCENT Lesson Learned: “Leaders should use the military decision-making process to expedite or facilitate planning, but should not let it hinder their efforts to understand the complex issues that lay beneath the operation’s surface.” LTC D. Scalard, Military Review, 1998

  39. Lessons Learned - Deploying Lesson Learned: A CCTF should almost daily ask the following question: “What are we doing to ensure that CTF personnel & their equipment arrive at the PODs at approximately the same time?” Lesson Learned: CCTFs must balance combat vs. support forces in the deployment process. When inadequate support forces are deployed, backlogs of personnel & equipment at the PODs will occur (I.e., adequate JRSOI is on-hand).

  40. Lessons Learned - Employing Lesson Learned: Keep your logisticians abreast of the operational situation -- only with full situational awareness can they anticipate future requirements as operations unfold. Lesson Learned: A CCTF should always seek to gain & maintain the initiative -- this applies not only to conventional combat operations, but to the information domain as well. • Deter… • Fight to win... Lesson Learned: Always maintain a reserve ready for immediate employment to reinforce success, capitalize on unanticipated opportunities, or to address unforseen exigencies. Lesson Learned: There is no replacement for the application of overwhelming force at the proper time & place. Seek or create enemy weakness and attack it quickly, decisively, and relentlessly.

  41. Lessons Learned - Transition Lesson Learned: Transition may occur between the CTF with a UN command, with another military command with host nation forces, or to civilian control. Regardless, the command must prepare for and coordinate the transition to ensure an orderly change of authority and responsibility.

  42. Lessons Learned - Redeploying Lesson Learned: Redeployment is essentially the reverse of deployment. Redeployment can begin at any point during CTF operations and planning for it should begin as soon as possible.

  43. Multinational Force SOP“A Journey Starts with a first step” • MNF SOP – “ A Step in the Right Direction” • A “Guide” for Operational Start Points and CTF procedures • Not prescriptive, binding, or directive • Focus on Operational Level – CTF HQs and Command • Purpose: • Speed of Initial Response • Interoperability • Overall Mission Effectiveness • Is a Multinational Product • 28 Nations -- Multinational Planning Augmentation Team (MPAT)

  44. COALITION/COMBINED TASK FORCE TRAINING Questions??

  45. COALITION/COMBINED TASK FORCE TRAINING Forming the COALITION / COMBINED Task Force (CTF) MPAT Secretariat

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