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Microbiology – Chapter 2

Microbiology – Chapter 2. Biological Chemistry. Do Now. What is an atom? What is an element? What is the name of the table that keeps track of all the elements?. Why do biologists study chemistry??. Chemical changes in matter are essential to all life processes

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Microbiology – Chapter 2

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  1. Microbiology – Chapter 2 Biological Chemistry

  2. Do Now What is an atom? What is an element? What is the name of the table that keeps track of all the elements?

  3. Why do biologists study chemistry?? Chemical changes in matter are essential to all life processes All living things are made of the same kinds of matter that make up non-living things If you learn how changes in matter occur you will understand the life processes of organisms

  4. Elements • Elements – pure substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter • Of more than 100 elements fewer than 30 are important to livings • More than 90% of the mass of living things is composed of combinations of just: • O, C, H and N

  5. Elements • Chemical Symbol – usually part of the element’s name or the Latin word for the element • Organized into the periodic table of elements • There are 118 elements, 94 are naturally occurring, the rest are synthetic (made in particle accelerators) • Elements listed by increasing atomic number • Columns – groups of elements with similar properties because of the number of electrons in their outer shell • Rows - periods

  6. Atoms – basic units of matter -Atoms are the simplest particles of an element that retain all the properties of that element -Atoms are so small that their true structure has not been observed -Models of the atom help us understand their structure enough to predict how they will act in nature

  7. Atoms Structure – net electrical charge of zero a. Protons (charge +) 1 AWU b. neutron (charge 0) 1 AWU c. electrons (charge -) .008 AWU AWU – atomic weight unit Nucleus – central mass of an atom, contains protons and neutrons

  8. Atoms • Electrons – high energy particles that move about the nucleus at high speeds in one of several different energy levels - Electrons in outer energy levels have more energy than those in inner energy levels - Each energy level can only hold a certain number of electrons - 1st energy level can hold 2 electrons -2nd energy level can hold 8 electrons - In most elements, the outer energy level is not filled

  9. Atom

  10. Number of Protons?

  11. Atom animation of an atom

  12. Atomic number – the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom Atomic mass – the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of the atom

  13. Isotopes Isotope – A different form of an element which has the same number of protons and electrons, but has a different number of neutrons Carbon (C): -atomic number is 6 - it has 6 protons -mass number is 12 – it has 6 protons and 6 neutrons -C14 – isotope that has 8 neutrons

  14. Hydrogen Isotopes

  15. Isotopes Radioisotopes – radioactive element forms whose nuclei can undergo spontaneous change in which charged particles and radiant energy are released

  16. Atoms Activity Complete worksheet on atoms Finish for homework if not completed in class

  17. Do Now What is the positively charged particle in an atom called? What is the negatively charged particle in an atom called? What is the neutral particle in an atom called? What is an isotope?

  18. Compound 1. A pure substance made up of two or more elements combined chemically 2. The properties of compound differ from the elements it is composed of – H2O vs. H and O 3. The proportion of each kind of element are fixed – Water always H2O 4. Elements combine and form compounds to become more stable 5. Elements are more stable when their outer electron shells are filled

  19. Bonds Chemical bonds – forces link two or more atoms a. Covalent bonds – sharing of electrons (water H2O) b. Ionic bonds – transfer of electrons (sodium chloride NaCl)

  20. Chemical Bond Animation

  21. Molecules • A molecule is the simplest part of a substance that retains all of the properties of that substance and that can exist in a free state • Hydrogen gas (H2) • Water (H2O)

  22. Matter Activity Complete “Composition of Matter” worksheet. Finish what you don’t complete for homework.

  23. Do Now What is a compound? What is a covalent bond? What is an ionic bond?

  24. 2. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY STUDY OF COMPOUNDS THAT DO NOT CONTAIN THE THREE ELEMENTS C, H, & O AT THE SAME TIME. CAN CONTAIN TWO OF THOSE THREE AND ANY OF OTHER ELEMENTS

  25. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY living things differ greatly from non-living things there must be a big difference in how they are constructed they are actually constructed of the same materials The only difference is in how they are organized All biology has a chemical basis

  26. 3. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY • STUDY OF CARBON COMPOUNDS - CHEMICAL BASIS FOR LIVING CELLS • ALWAYS C, H, & O • SOMETIMES NITROGEN & PHOSPHORUS • USUALLY SMALL AMOUNTS OF METALS • THERE ARE “FOUR” DIFFERENT CLASSES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

  27. Carbohydrates Organic compounds of C, H and O Used as energy sources in cells Also found in several cellular structures such as bacterial capsules They are synthesized from water and carbon dioxide during photosynthesis

  28. Carbohydrates Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates They are the building blocks for the larger carbohydrates (polysaccharides) Glucose, galactose and fructose are examples of isomers – they have the same chemical formula C6H12O6 But their structures and properties are different

  29. A. CARBOHYDRATES

  30. Glucose Represents the basic supply of energy in the world Half of the world’s carbon exists as glucose

  31. GLUCOSE – UNIVERSAL ENERGY

  32. Disaccharides • Double sugars – composed of two monosaccharides held together by covalent bonds • They are made from glucose molecules through dehydration synthesis – water is removed as the new bonds are formed • Examples are: • maltose – found in barley and used to ferment beer • lactose – found in milk and digested by bacteria to form yogurt, sour cream • Sucrose – table sugar and is the starting point in wine fermentation and may be a cause of tooth decay

  33. DISACCHARIDE – TWO MONOSACCHARIDES

  34. Polysaccharides • Complex sugars • Large compounds formed by joining together 100’s or 1000’s of glucose molecules • Starch – used by bacteria as an energy source • Cellulose – a component of the cell walls of plants and molds and also used as an energy source by microorganisms

  35. Polysaccharide

  36. Polysaccharide animation

  37. Polysaccharides Activity Complete polysaccharides color worksheet Finish for homework if not completed in class

  38. Do Now What are the 4 classes of organic compounds? What 3 elements are carbohydrates made up of? What carbohydrate is considered a universal source of energy?

  39. B. LIPIDS Dissolve in organic solvents, but not in water Like carbohydrates, they are composed of C, H, and O, but with much less O The best known lipids are fats Fats are important long-term energy sources for living things Fats are also components of cell membranes

  40. LIPIDS cell membrane animation

  41. LIPIDS • Fats consist of a 3 carbon glycerol molecule and up to 3 long-chain fatty acids • 2 major types of fatty acids: • Saturated – contain the maximum number of H atoms • Unsaturated – contain less than the maximum number of H atoms • Unsaturated fatty acids are good for us – they lower the levels of cholesterol in the blood

  42. Lipid molecules are sparingly to insoluble in water. Lipids are hydrophobic because the molecules consist of long, 18-22 carbon, hydrocarbon backbones with only a small amount of oxygen containing groups. Lipids serve many functions in organisms. They are the major components of waxes, pigments, steroid hormones, and cell membranes. Fats, steriods, and phospholipids are very important to the functioning of membranes in cells and will be the focus of this tutorial. Fats (triacylglycerols)

  43. LIPIDS • Other types of lipids: • Waxes – long chains of fatty acids • Bee’s wax • Plant leaves • Phospholipids – contain a phosphate group • Cell membranes • Steroids – composed of several rings of carbon atoms with side chains • Cholesterol • Estrogen • Testosterone

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