Understanding Organic Compounds: The Molecules of Life and Their Importance
Chapter 3 explores organic compounds, which are vital for life. We learn about the significance of carbon, the structure and formation of macromolecules—carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Functional groups play a crucial role in determining the properties of these compounds, often making them hydrophilic. The chapter discusses the processes of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis for building and breaking down polymers. We also uncover the importance of carbohydrates in providing energy and the various types and functions of lipids.
Understanding Organic Compounds: The Molecules of Life and Their Importance
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Presentation Transcript
Chapter 3 - the MOLECULES of life
Organic Compounds • Organic Compounds contain Carbon. • Carbon is an important element because… • It forms 4 bonds. • Tends to form strong covalent bonds.
Organic Compounds • Can combine to form: • single, double & triple bonds as well as • chains • branches and rings.
Organic Compounds • Functional groups help determine properties of organic compounds • All are polar because oxygen or nitrogen exert a strong pull on shared electrons • Polarity tends to make these molecules hydrophilic (water-loving) • A necessity for life!
Functional groups • Activity 3B – online textbook
Organic Compounds • There are 4 major categories of organic compounds: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids
MAcromolecules • Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic Acids are macromolecules. • This means they are BIG molecules.
Organic Compounds • They are made of smaller molecules that serve as the building blocks. • Like a brick is the building block for a brick wall these smaller molecules combine to create the macromolecules.
Organic Compounds • Smaller Molecules (Building Blocks/subunits) = monomers • Larger Molecules = polymers
Making & Breaking Polymers Condensation Reaction /Dehydration Synthesis Remove water Monomer Polymer Add water Hydrolysis Reaction
Dehydration synthesis Removing water to build a polymer
Hydrolysis Adding water to break down a polymer
Carbohydrates • Why does our body (and all living things) need this molecule? • Provides ENERGY • Where do we get this molecule? • Pasta, Potatoes, Rice, Candy, Soda, Sugar
Carbohydrates Which is the polymer and which is the monomer? Polymer! Monomer!
Carbohydrates • Monomers of carbs = monosaccharide • Mono means 1, saccharide means sugar • Common examples are: • Glucose (grains) • Fructose (fruit) • Galactose (milk)
H O H H C OH C H OH C C O HO C H C HO H H OH C C H OH H OH C C OH H C H OH C H OH H H Glucose Fructose Figure 3.4B Structures of glucose and fructose
H O H H C OH C H OH C C O HO C H C HO H H OH C C H OH H OH C C OH H C H OH C H OH H H Glucose Fructose Count up the atoms for each
H O H H C OH C H OH C C O HO C H C HO H H OH C C H OH H OH C C OH H C H OH C H OH H H Glucose Fructose
H O H H C OH C H OH C C O HO C H C HO H H OH C C H OH H OH C C OH H C H OH C H OH H H Glucose Fructose Isomers – Same molecular formula, different structural formula
CH2OH 6 CH2OH C O 5 H O O H H H H H C C 1 4 OH H OH H OH HO OH OH C C 2 3 H OH H OH Simplified structure Structural formula Abbreviated structure Figure 3.4C Three representations of the ring form of glucose
Carbohydrates • Functional Groups • Functional groups are groups of atoms that give a molecule its characteristic properties. • Carbohydrates have 2 functional groups = • Hydroxyl -OH • Carbonyl -COH
Carbohydrates • Here you see 2 monosaccharides coming together to form a disaccharide. • What type of reaction is this? _______________________________ Dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction
Carbohydrates • Polymers = • Dissaccharide (two) • Common examples are: • Sucrose - sugar • Maltose – grains (beer) • Lactose - milk Lactose
Carbohydrates • Polysaccharide (many) • Common examples are: • Starch - potato • Cellulose – plant cell walls • Glycogen - animals
Glucose monomer STARCH Starch granules in potato tuber cells O O O O O O O O O O O Glycogen granules in muscle tissue GLYCOGEN O O O O O O O O O O O O O Cellulose fibrils in a plant cell wall CELLULOSE O O OH O Cellulose molecules O O O O OH O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O Figure 3.7 Polysaccharides
Making & Breaking Polymers Remove Water Condensation Reaction / Dehydration Synthesis Monomer Polymer Add Water Hydrolysis Reaction
Lipids • Why does our body (and all living things) need this molecule? • Stores ENERGY • Insulation & Protection • Make up cell membranes (provide boundaries) • Where do we get this molecule? • Dairy products, Meat, Oil
Lipids Triglyceride
Lipids • Monomers • Glycerol • Fatty Acids • Saturated Fatty Acids • All Single Bonds • Found in animals • Solid at room temperature • Unsaturated Fatty Acids • At least 1 double or triple bond • Found in plants • Liquid at room temperature Animation
Hydrogenated oils • To convert an oil into a solid at room temp. • Add hydrogens • Decreases the number of double bonds
Lipids • Functional Groups = • Hydroxyl • Carboxyl
Lipids • Here you see 2 glycerol combining with a fatty acid in a dehydration reaction. This happens 3 times to create a triglyceride. • animation
Lipids • Polymers = • Are very diverse BUT they are all hydrophobic • Examples; • Triglyceride • Steroids • Wax • Phospholipids
H3C CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 HO Figure 3.9 Cholesterol, a steroid A steroid – cholesterol. A molecule that is needed for cell membrane stability. Excess cholesterol due to consumption of fatty foods can lead to health problems like atherosclerosis (clogging of the arteries)
Anabolic steroids • Synthetic variants of male hormone – testosterone • Anabolism – building of substances by the body • Mimics testosterone which builds muscle tissue Overdosing – leads to serious side effects - depression, liver damage, shrunken testicles, breast development
Figure 3.8A Water beading on the naturally oily coating of feathers
Drop each food sample onto a paper bag. Hold up to the light, it will turn translucent if lipids are present. • Sudan red is lipid soluble. The sudan red will stain the lipid layer. Solid red.
Proteins • Why does our body (and all living things) need this molecule? • Make up our structure (actin in muscles, hemoglobin and antibodies in blood, etc)
