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Understanding Cell Structure and Function: Exploring the Basics of Life

This chapter delves into the fundamental aspects of cells, enhancing our understanding as microscope technology advanced. It introduces cell theory, which posits that all living organisms are composed of cells, and that all existing cells arise from pre-existing cells. The text elaborates on the characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, their internal structures including the cytoskeleton, nucleus, and organelles like mitochondria and lysosomes. It also discusses cell membrane functions and the processes of transport, both passive and active, emphasizing the complex interactions that sustain cellular life.

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Understanding Cell Structure and Function: Exploring the Basics of Life

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  1. Chapter 3The Cell

  2. 3.1 • Our understanding of the cell grew as microscope quality improved.

  3. Cell Theory • Mainly Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow • All organisms are made of cells • All existing cells are produced by other cells • The cell is the most basic unit of life.

  4. General Cell Characteristics • Tend to be microscopic • Enclosed in a membrane • Filled with cytoplasm

  5. Types of cells • Prokaryotic • No nucleus • No membrane bound organelles • Like bacteria • Eukaryotic • Nucleus • Membrane bound organelles • Like not bacteria

  6. 3.2 • Cells have an internal structure

  7. Cytoskeleton • Support and shape • Position and transport organelles • Strength • Assists in cell division • Cell movement

  8. Nucleus • Stores genetic information • Control center of the cell

  9. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Transport • Rough: has ribosomes for processing proteins • Smooth: no ribosomes, process lipids and carbohydrates

  10. Ribosomes • Made of rRNA • Form proteins

  11. Golgi apparatus • Golgi bodies • Packaging and shipping

  12. Vesicles • Membrane bound sacks • Storage

  13. Mitochondria • Energy

  14. Vacuoles • Like little warehouses • Storage

  15. Lysosomes • Waste disposal • Digest material

  16. Centrioles • Tubes in centrosomes • Help in mitosis • Form cilia and flagella

  17. Plant cell parts • Chloroplasts: where photosynthesis occurs • Have a cell wall of cellulose for support

  18. 3.3 • Cell membrane

  19. Functions • Enclose cell like a fence does • Controls passage of stuff like a fence does

  20. Structure • Phospholipidbilayer • Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may be imbedded in the membrane • The fluid mosaic model

  21. Selectively permeable • Lets some stuff in, keeps other stuff out. Kinda like a fence does

  22. Receptors • A substance can bind to its receptor • Causes an action on the other side of the membrane

  23. 3.4 • Stuff can move across cell membranes

  24. Transport • Passive: just happens • Active: requires energy

  25. Passive transport • Diffusion: stuff diffuses from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration • Osmosis: diffusion of water

  26. Three types of solutions • Hypotonic: • Lower concentration • Water moves out of cell • Hypertonic • Higher concentration • Water moves out of cell • Isotonic • Same concentration • No net movement of water

  27. Examples

  28. Facilitated diffusion • Some molecules can only diffuse through transport proteins. • Facilitated diffusion is diffusion through transport proteins. • Revolving door

  29. 3.5 • Some transport requires energy

  30. Active transport • Requires energy • Goes against a gradient

  31. Types • Pumps • Endocytosis: takes material into the cell • Pinocytosis: cell drinking • Phagocytosis: cell eating • Exocytosis: expels material from the cell

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