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Understanding Cell Organelles: The Golgi Complex, Lysosomes, and Mitochondria

This chapter delves into critical cellular structures, including the Golgi complex, lysosomes, and mitochondria. The Golgi complex modifies and packages proteins received from the endoplasmic reticulum, while lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes for breaking down old and defective cell parts, aiding in digestion of foreign invaders, and playing a role in apoptosis. Additionally, we explore how mitochondria produce ATP through cellular respiration, highlighting glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, ultimately illustrating how cells generate energy.

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Understanding Cell Organelles: The Golgi Complex, Lysosomes, and Mitochondria

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  1. Chapter 3The Cell (part 2)

  2. Golgi complex • Stacked sacs • Receive proteins from ER • Modifies them and packages them up

  3. Lysosomes • Contain hydrolytic enzymes that: • Bkdn old, worn out, or defective parts • Digest foreign invaders (e.g., bacteria) engulfed by phagocytosis • Helps with cell suicide (apoptosis)

  4. Vesicles Ship and Store Cellular Products • Vesicles: membrane-bound spheres • Used for secretion and storage • Examples: neurotransmitters, hormones, lysosomes Figure 3.18

  5. Cytoskeleton Supports the Cell • Microtubules • Microfilaments

  6. Mitochondria: Provide Energy to the Cell • Produce ATP • Contain chromosomes (DNA) • Evolved from prokaryote (bacteria-like organism) through symbiosis

  7. Our Cells Use Cellular Respiration to Generate ATP • Cellular respiration: Cells use glucose and oxygen to synthesize ATP • Three stages of respiration • Glycolysis: in cytoplasm • Citric Acid Cycle: in mitochondria • Electron Transport System: in mitochondria

  8. Overview of Respiration • C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP

  9. Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm splitting glucose into two pyruvate molecules generating a net gain of two ATP and two NADH molecules

  10. Cellular Respiration • The transition reaction occurs within the mitochondria. CO2 is removed from each pyruvate forming 2 acetyl CoA molecules

  11. Cellular Respiration • Electrons are removed from Acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle releasing two ATP, two FADH2 and six NADH molecules • CO2 is also released in this process

  12. Cellular Respiration • The electron transport chain is the final step where the electrons of FADH2 and NADH are transferred from one protein to another, until they reach oxygen • This process releases energy that results in 32 ATP

  13. Cellular Respiration: An Overview

  14. Brown Fat Fat fires up. PET/CT scans of a person exposed to cold (left) and at room temperature (right) show the dark signature of brown fat.

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