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Understanding the Four Tissue Types: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous

This section details the four primary tissue types found in the human body: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues. Each tissue serves distinct functions—from covering and protection (epithelial) to support (connective), movement (muscle), and control (nervous). The chapter elaborates on the characteristics, classification, and specific examples of each type. Epithelial tissues are categorized by cell layers and shapes, while connective tissues vary in structure and function. Muscle tissues enable movement, and nervous tissues control body activities.

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Understanding the Four Tissue Types: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous

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  1. Body Tissues Chapter 3 – Part 2

  2. Histology • 4 Tissue Types: • 1. Epithelial – (covering) • 2. Connective – (support) • 3. Muscle – (movement) • 4. Nervous – (control) Tissue

  3. Lining, covering, & glandular Functions: Protections, absorption, filtration, & secretion Epithelial Tissue

  4. Special Characteristics: • Cells fit closely together to form sheets • Has a free surface (apical surface) • Lower surface – (basement membrane) • Epithelial to connective • Avascular – no direct blood supply • Diffusion • Regenerate easily Epithelial Tissue, Cont’d…

  5. Classification of epithelium • Named according to # of layers & shape of cells at the free surface • Layers: • Simple (1 layer) • Stratified (2 or more layers) • Shape: • Squamous – flat • Cuboidal – cube shaped • Columnar – taller than wide Epithelial Tissue, Cont’d…

  6. Epithelial Tissue, Cont’d… • Simple Epithelium: absorption, secretion, & filtration • Simple Squamous Epithelium – forms serous membranes (serosae - fluid) • Lines body cavities & organs

  7. Epithelial Tissue, Cont’d…Simple Epithelium, cont’d… • Simple Cuboidal – glands & ducts

  8. Epithelial Tissue, Cont’d…Simple Epithelium, cont’d… • Simple columnar epithelium – forms mucus membranes (mucosae). • Lines cavities open to exterior • Ex. Respiratory Tracts, Digestive Tracts

  9. Epithelial Tissue, Cont’d…Simple Epithelium, cont’d… • Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium • Lines Respiratory Tract • Ciliated

  10. Epithelial Tissue, Cont’d… • Stratified Epithelia–layered; protects • Stratified Squamous Epithelium – most common; high abuse & friction. • Ex. Skin, mouth, esophagus

  11. Epithelial Tissue, Cont’d…Stratified Epithelia, cont’d… • Stratified Cuboidal & Stratified Columnar: • Rare; large ducts

  12. Epithelial Tissue, Cont’d…Stratified Epithelia, cont’d… • Transitional Epithelia:function is stretching

  13. Epithelial Tissue, Cont’d… • Glandular Epithelia: glands; produces & secretes • 2 types: • 1. Endocrine Glands (ductless) • Directly into the blood stream • Hormones (ovaries, testes, adrenal) • 2. Exocrine Glands (ducts) • Sweat, oil • Liver

  14. Answers: A - simple columnar epithelium. B - simple columnar epithelium with cilia. C - stratified squamous epithelium. D - simple squamous epithelium. E - transitional epithelium. F - pseudostratified epithelium. G - stratified squamous epithelium. H - choanocytes I - stratified columnar epithelium with cilia.

  15. Functions: protection, support, & binding together Most abundant tissue type Found everywhere in the body Connective Tissue

  16. Connective Tissue, Cont’d… • Some vascular • Some avascular (cartilage) – heals slowly • Many different types of cells • Extracellular Matrix: non-living substance outside of cell; can be liquid, semisolid or gel-like, or very hard • Examples: Fat (soft); Bone (hard) • Tissue can bear weight, withstand stretching & abrasions. Common Characteristics:

  17. Connective Tissue, Cont’d… • Bone (osseous tissue) – vascular • Bone cells surrounded by hard matrix of calcium salts & collagen fibers • Function: protect & support other organs Types of Connective tissue:

  18. Connective Tissue, Cont’d…Types, Cont’d… • Cartilage – avascular • Less hard/more flexible than bone • Hyaline cartilage- voice box; covers end of bone; attaches ribs to sternum; skeleton of fetus • Elastic cartilage- more elasticity. Ex: ears, nose • Fibrocartilage- highly compressible and cushion-like; between vertebrae

  19. Connective Tissue, Cont’d…Types, Cont’d… • Dense Connective Tissue (fibrous tissue) • Mostly collagen fibers • Forms strong, rope-like structures • Ex: Tendons; Ligaments

  20. Connective Tissue, Cont’d…Types, Cont’d… • Loose Connective Tissue- Softer & fewer fibers • Areolar Tissue • Soft, pliable tissue that protects & wraps body organs • Universal packing tissue & connective tissue glue that helps hold internal organs together • Edema- areolar tissue soaks up fluid in inflamed area; swells & becomes puffy

  21. Connective Tissue, Cont’d…Types, Cont’d… • Adipose Tissue – “fat” • Forms subcutaneous layer below skin; insulates & protects from heat & cold. Loose Connective Tissue, Cont’d

  22. Connective Tissue, Cont’d…Types, Cont’d… • Reticular Connective Tissue • Delicate network of fibers • Found in lymph nodes • Ex: Spleen and bone marrow.

  23. Connective Tissue, Cont’d…Types, Cont’d… • Blood – “vascular tissue” • Blood cells surrounded by blood plasma • Protein fibers in blood • Blood clotting

  24. Specialized to contract or shorten Muscle Cells (muscle fibers) Muscle Tissue

  25. MuscleTissue, Cont’d… • Skeletal Muscle- (striated muscle) • Attached to skeleton; forms flesh • Voluntary • Cells are long, cylindrical, multinucleate, & striated Types of Muscle Tissue (3 types)

  26. MuscleTissue, Cont’d…Types, Cont’d… • Cardiac Muscle- (heart only) • Has striations, uninucleate; fit tightly together; gap junctions • Involuntary

  27. MuscleTissue, Cont’d…Types, Cont’d… • Smooth Muscle- (visceral) • No striations, single nucleus & spindle-shaped (pointed at both ends) • Found in walls of stomach, bladder, uterus & blood vessels (hollow organs) • Contracts slowly • Peristalsis – wave-like motion through small intestine • Involuntary

  28. Cells = Neurons • Function = Irritability & Conductivity • Tissue Repair (Wound Healing) • Defense at tissue level – skin, mucous membranes, cilia, and acid in stomach glands. • Inflammation – body response to prevent further injury. IV. Nervous Tissue

  29. Immune Response – specific to invaders • 2 Ways tissue repairs (depends on tissue type and severity of injury) • Regeneration: replacement of destroyed tissue by same kinds of cells • Fibrosis: repair by dense connective tissue (fibrous) – forms scar tissue IV. Nervous Tissue….cont’d

  30. Process of tissue repair: • Capillaries become permeable/allows clotting fibers to seep to injury (bleed) • Blood Clot forms/then scab • Granulation tissue forms (new skin) • Epithelium regenerates/scab falls off (healed) **Scar Tissue cannot function as original cells. IV. Nervous Tissue….cont’d

  31. Growth through cell division  puberty Replacement of tissue exposed to friction  lifetime Epithelial Tissue – Mitotic Connective Tissue – Mitotic (forms scar tissue) Muscle Tissue – Amitotic after puberty Nervous Tissue – Amitotic shortly after birth V. Development Aspects of Cells & Tissues

  32. Aging – Caused by chemical and physical exposures and genetics, and stress • Neoplasm: abnormal Cell division – multiply wildly – benign or malignant (tumor) • Hyperplasia: enlarged tissue due to local irritant or condition • Ex. Anemia/Bone marrow undergoes hyperplasia to produce more red blood cells • Ex. Breast enlargement during pregnancy V. Development Aspects of Cells & Tissues…Cont’d

  33. Atrophy: decrease in size – loss of stimulation • Ex. Muscle reduction from wearing a cast V. Development Aspects of Cells & Tissues…Cont’d

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