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The Establishment of (French) Canada

The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes. French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts Persistence of Samuel Champlain France’s successful encounter with Indians: tolerance. New mercenary armies.

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The Establishment of (French) Canada

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  1. The Establishment of (French) Canada

  2. Four themes • French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] • Long series of false starts • Persistence of Samuel Champlain • France’s successful encounter with Indians: tolerance

  3. New mercenary armies Swiss mercenary, 1507 and 2007

  4. New pikes and gunpowder weapons Swiss mercenary, 1507

  5. France’s Atlantic Port Cities • Highly independent, and well-armed • No government navy • Normandy: Dieppe, Saint-Malo, Honfleur, Rouen

  6. Rouen

  7. La Rochelle

  8. La Rochelle

  9. Saint Malo

  10. Saint Malo

  11. Dieppe

  12. Three sets of false starts • Canada, 1534-42 • Brazil, 1555-57 • Florida 1562-65 • Then, success in 1630s

  13. Jacques Cartier 1491-1557 • Experienced seaman • May have accompanied Verrazzano As imagined in the 1800s

  14. Saint Malo

  15. Cartier: Mistakes in 1534? • Came to reconnoiter the Saint Lawrence • Encountered 200 Iroquois fishing for mackerel • Kidnapped several and took them to France

  16. Cartier Mistakes in 1535 • Sailed up river to “Hochelaga” the future site of Quebec; • Spent the winter, suffered scurvy, (Indians showed him how to cure it) • Kidnapped more Indians, including their leader Donaconna and sons

  17. Hochelaga

  18. Cartier: mistakes in 1542 • Noble Roberval and 500 colonists • Failed “gold” • Kidnapped 10 Iroquois • Cartier and Roberval returned, leaving settlers

  19. Map of Cartier’s findings, 1543

  20. 1547

  21. 1565

  22. 1562

  23. Gaspar Coligny (1519-1572) : Admiral of France • France’s most powerful Protestant • Encouraging (failed) Huguenot colonies

  24. Brazil: “France Antartique” • “Fort Coligny” • 1555-1560 • Island in the bay • 600 soldiers and colonists • Driven out by Portuguese

  25. 1562: Jean Ribault and Fort Caroline (Florida) • Religious Wars • Huguenots only • Ran out of food • Mutiny • Some built a boat to sail home

  26. 1564: 2nd attempt • Ribault and Rene Laudonnière • 10 months of food • Crops failed • Decided to attack Spanish at Cuba • Spanish retaliated by killing all members of the colony

  27. Saint Augustine, Florida

  28. Samuel Champlain (1575-1635) • Illegitimate son of Henri IV? • Born into a Huguenot family • Veteran of Wars of Religion • Artist • First scientific cartographer in the Americas • Spy in Spanish America

  29. French Wars of Religion (1562-98) • Deeply traumatic • Partly, noble effort to escape royal power

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