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Understanding the Endocrine System: Functions, Hormones, and Disorders

The endocrine system plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes in animals, working alongside the nervous system. It comprises hormone-secreting cells and tissues, with hormones acting as chemical signals that elicit responses in target cells. Control mechanisms include positive and negative feedback. Key glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads, and pineal gland. Hormonal imbalances can lead to conditions such as giantism, dwarfism, hyperthyroidism, and Cushing's disease.

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Understanding the Endocrine System: Functions, Hormones, and Disorders

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  1. Good Links • http://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/endocrine/adam-200091.htm • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8fh2HmdxQjQ • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1IQQPtyE7Lc&feature=related

  2. Just the Facts • The endocrine and nervous system act individually and together in regulating an animal’s physiology • Endocrine system- all the hormone secreting cells and tissues. • Ductless • Hormones – chemical signals that cause a response in a target cell • Controlled by positive and negative feedback • Exocrine glands – ducted glands • Sweat • Oil

  3. Hormones bind to: • Cell-surface receptors and a signal transduction pathway is triggered. • Intracellular receptors- lipid soluble, steroid hormones use this method – bind to a receptor that acts as a transcription factor and causes a gene to be expressed

  4. Hypothalamus and pituitary integrate many functions of the vertebrate endocrine system. • Posterior pituitary • Oxytocin • ADH • Anterior Pituitary • FSH • LH • GH • Prolactin • TSH • ACTH

  5. Thyroid Gland • Triiodithyronine • Thyroxine • Calcitonin

  6. Parathyroid • Parathyroid Hormone

  7. Pancreas • Insulin- Beta Cells of the Islets of Langerhan • Glucagon – Alpha Cells of the Islets of Langerhan

  8. Adrenal Gland • Adrenal Medulla – secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine • Adrenal Cortex – secretes glucocorticoids • mineralocoroticoids

  9. Gonads • Testes – Androgens – Testosterone • Ovaries – Estrogens, and Progesterone

  10. Pineal • Melatonin – regulates body rhythms – light /dark cycles

  11. Abnormal HormonesToo much or Too little GH Giantism Dwarfism

  12. Thyroid gland Hyperthyroidism Hypothroidism

  13. Adrenal gland Addison’s Disease Hypoadrenalism Cushing’s Hyperadrenalism

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