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Civil Rights

This summary explores pivotal milestones in the U.S. civil rights movement, detailing key events and legislation aimed at achieving racial and gender equality. It covers landmark cases such as Brown v. Board of Education and significant acts like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Equal Pay Act of 1963. Highlights include the history of the NAACP and various efforts for women's rights, from suffrage to affirmative action. This overview showcases the struggle for justice and the ongoing fight against discrimination in education, employment, and housing.

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Civil Rights

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  1. Civil Rights • Summary • Gender Equity • NAACP • Famous Figures

  2. Racial Policy Development • 14th Amendment: 1868 • Plessy v. Ferguson: 1896 • Separate But Equal • Brown v Board of Education: 1954 • Desegregation of Public Schools

  3. Racial Policy Development • The Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Public Discrimination Ruled Unlawful • Equal Employment Opportunity Commission • The Civil Rights Act of 1968 • Equal Housing

  4. Racial Policy Development • Affirmative Action • LBJ: Executive order 11246 in 1965

  5. Gender Equality • First Women’s College 1821 • Emma Willard • Oberlin College • 1833: Accepts Women • 1841: Allows Women to Graduate

  6. Gender Equality • National Women’s Party: 1916 • First Woman Elected to House of Rep. • 19th Amendment: 1920 • Women’s Suffrage

  7. Gender Equality • Equal Rights Act Proposed: 1923 • NWP • Equal Pay Act: 1963 • The Commission on Status of Women • 1963: 58.9% of Men • 1995: 71.4% of Men • “Glass Ceiling”

  8. Gender Equality • National Organization of Women: 1966 • Created in an effort to pass ERA and to Enforce Title VII of CRA • 1972: Nixon Supports ERA, Congress Passes ERA, but States Refuse To Ratify ERA • Equal Credit Opportunity Act: 1974

  9. Gender Equality • Education Amendments Act: 1972 • Title IX: Equal Representation in Men's and Women's Athletics • 1971: 1 in 27 • 1998: 1 in 2.5

  10. NAACP Its Historical Development: Then and Now

  11. Background Info: NAACP • Founded in 1909 in New York City by a group committed to social justice • Objective: To ensure political, social, economic, equality of minority group citizens • Establishes legal precedents to improve life for the lower classes • Founders: W.E.B. Du Bois, William English Walling, Ida Wells-Barnett • Today: Network of more than 2,200 affiliates; including Japan and Germany • Oldest and largest civil rights organization • President and CEO– Kweisi Mfume

  12. 1909: NAACP founded by multiracial groups of activists 1910: Guinn v. United States struck down grandfather clause as unconstitutional (15th Amendment) 1913: President Woodrow Wilson officially introduces segregation in Federal government 1917: Buchanan v. Supreme Court blacks can’t be segregated residential districts Timeline

  13. 1918: Woodrow Wilson finally makes a public statement against lynching 1920: First Annual Conference held (sign of strength) 1941: Ensure equal employment in federal industries (President F.D.R.) 1945: Demand monetary support by national government like other progressive programs Timeline Continued

  14. Working through the Courts • 90 yrs of political pressure, marches, demonstrations, and effective lobbying • 1st major campaign: laws against lynching • 1930’s: Shift to economic conditions • FDR’s Fair Employment Practices Committee ban racial discrimination in industries which received federal contracts • WWII: End discrimination in Armed Services/ Employment opportunities at home

  15. Working through the Courts • Brown v. Board of Education: End of racial discrimination at schools • NAACP produced Civil Rights Acts of 1960 and 1964 • Voting Rights Act 1965 • 1968 Fair Housing Act

  16. Fair Share Program • Early 1970’s: Anticipated progressive withdrawal of the broad-based role of the federal government • National public policy no longer was the principal tool for income redistribution, job creation, and training programs for minorities • 1981: Focus on private sector for African American economic advancement • Objective: Create employment opportunities with private sector companies

  17. Fair Share Program • Goals: • Establish minority programs, including utilization of African American contractors, professionals, financial institutions • Aggressive affirmative action programs • Promote contributions to various worthy African American causes and organizations • Creation of investment and ownership opportunities for African American businesses

  18. Issues NAACP is Battling Today • Search for Tougher Hate Crime Laws passed by the national government • Halt Anti-affirmative action

  19. Hateful Killings • Arthur J.R. Warren was black and gay • Beaten to death and then run over several times to make it look like a hit-and-run • Parents with civil rights groups on July 20, 2000 met the U.S. Justice Department in Washington D.C. • Urges Congress to pass Hate Crimes Prevention Act • Stronger penalties for persons who injure someone on the basis of race, color, religion, gender, sexual origin

  20. Anti-Affirmative Action • Ward Connerly, a black Conservative,was unsuccessful to to place an anti-affirmative action on Florida’s November ballot (2000) • Succeed in California and Washington state • NAACP continue to fight Jeb Bush’s “One Florida plan” • Bans considerations of race and gender • NAACP: Discrimination • Education, Health Care

  21. Milwaukee Board of School Directors (2/15/2001) • Education is necessary to succeed in life • Segregation with the sanction of law creates feelings of inferiority and deprive the minorities with quality education. • Ordered a return to neighborhood schools • Wisconsin Gov. Tommy Thompson ordered a 10% reduction in busing • African Americans make up 61% of students at public schools • Extensive residential segregation

  22. Milwaukee Board of School Directors (2/15/2001) • Challenges: • How to makes sure that a return to neighborhood schools does not deprive African Americans a proper education • How to limit busing by encouraging more people to attend their neighborhood schools • Guarantee that there are enough schools in the neighborhoods where children live

  23. Milwaukee School Desegregation • 1976: 73 MPS were more than 90% white, while 31 school were more than 90% black • With integration, Black students need buses to travel such long distances • $1.2 billion needed to ensure that all children had access to early childhood education, lower class size, computers, etc.

  24. NAACP Health • Continues to be deeply concerned about the economic and social barriers of health care that affect minorities • Educate people about costs, quality and access, professional training • Goals: • Developing national health education initiatives • Expanding outreach in communities • Sponsoring programs with other health groups

  25. Leaders in the Quest for Civil Rights W. E. Du Bois (1868-1963a.d) Cesar Chavez (1927-1993a.d.) Thurgood Marshall (1908-1993a.d.) Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906a.d.)

  26. William Edward Du Bois(1868-1963a.d.) • Founder of the NAACP (1909) • Editor of The Crisis magazine (1910-1934) • Conducted sociological investigations of blacks in America • Administered first case study of a black community in the United States • Supporter of protest in order to achieve social change

  27. Cesar Estrada Chavez(1927-1993a.d.) • Organizer and leader of migrant farm workers • Created United Farm Workers of America (UFW) • Led strike and boycott in order to improve workers rights (1965) • Gain right to organize farm workers into a labor union (1977)

  28. Thurgood Marshall(1908-1993a.d.) • First African-American member of the supreme court (1967-1991) • Successfully argued Brown v. Board of Education (1954) • Won many landmark cases for the advancement of civil rights • Chief of NAACP’s legal staff (1940) • Supported rights of minorities while serving on Supreme Court

  29. Susan Brownell Anthony(1820-1906a.d.) • Pioneer crusader for the Women’s Rights movement • President of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (1892-1900) • Leader in the development of the 19th amendment (1920) • Published The Revolution, a periodical calling for the advancement of women

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