The Rise of Rome

1. The Rise of Rome Chapter 8 Sections 1-4

2. Rome’s Beginnings/section 1 • Italy is a long, narrow peninsula in Europe. Shaped like a boot, the peninsula lies in the Mediterranean Sea. • To the north are the Alps, jagged that separates Italy from the European continent. • The Apennines, another mountain range in Italy, run from north to south all the way down the “boot.”

3. Landscape of Italy is similar to Greece’s but can be crossed more easily. Therefore, the communities are not as isolated as Greek communities. Farming is much better as well. With more land available to farm, what do you think would be the result?

4. Greek Influence • Greeks taught the Romans how to grow grapes and olives in order to make wine and olive oil. • The Romans also adopted the Greek alphabet, architecture, sculpture, and literature. Do you know the Roman name for the Greek god, Poseidon? Neptune

5. neptune • Neptune is one of the three brother gods who divided the world among them. Neptune's lot was the sea. As sea god Neptune is usually seen with a trident. He is the god of water, horses, and earthquakes and was considered responsible for shipwrecks and drownings. • What was his Greek name?

6. Rome’s location • Ostia-port city at the mouth of the Tiber River • 15 miles up the Tiber River • Good water source • Safe harbor from pirates in the Mediterranean • Built on seven steep hills made it easy to defend • Could cross the Tiber River easily

7. Two Legends • Twin brothers, Romulus & Remus founded the city. Abandoned as babies near the Tiber River, were rescued by a wolf and raised by a shepherd. Decided to build a city in 753 B.C. Remus made fun of a wall Romulus was building, Romulus killed him.

8. Roman poet, Virgil, wrote an epic called, Aenid, in which the hero, Aeneas sails the Mediterranean after the Trojan War, lands at the mouth of the Tiber River, marries the king’s daughter. The political union of the Trojans and the Latins become known as the founding of the Roman people.

9. Historians date the founding of Rome between 800 – 700 B.C. • The people would have built huts on the hills tending sheep and growing crops, eventually banding together for protection.

11. Early Influences • Etruscans were a major influence of Roman life. After 650 B.C. they moved south from Etruria to take control of Rome & most of Latium. Skilled metalworkers who b/c rich from trade & mining. Forced enslaved people to do the heaviest work. Murals show battle scenes & recreational scenes as well. Built houses of wood & brick, planned streets, temples & public buildings around a central square. Also brought the toga & cloak style of clothing.

12. 509 B.C. • By 509 B.C., the Romans rebelled against the wealthy & cruel ruling king (Tarquins) and established a republic form of government. • What is a republic form of government?

13. Changes In Military Strategy • Every land owning male had to serve in the Army. • Discipline was harsh, punishment severe • Divided up into smaller groups called, “legions,” of about 6K men & further divided into groups of 60-120 soldiers. Smaller groups could cut through enemy lines quicker. • Armed with a short sword called a gladius and a spear called a pilum. Each unit carried its own standard-a tall pole topped with a symbol to help keep the units together during battle.

14. Most important was the model for their military, which served the Romans well as they began to build their empire. • Shortly before the end of the 2nd century BC a number of changes were made in the Roman army system that were to change the very nature of Rome itself. Reliance on an annual call-up of citizens meant that Rome never had a permanent army. This practice was abandoned. The citizen army was replaced by a standing army made up of landless city dwellers and newly created citizens from outlying provinces. The allegiance of these new legions was to their commander rather than to the Roman state. The commander was expected to pay his soldiers in money or land supplied by the state. • http://history-world.org/roman_army.htm

15. Show how the etruscans influenced the development of Rome Etruscans

16. The Roman Republic/sec.2 • Social classes of Rome: • Patricians: wealthy landowners, made up Rome’s ruling class. • Plebeians: artisans, shopkeepers, small farmers. • Both could vote, and had the responsibility to serve in the Army. • Plebeians had less social status, could not intermarry, or hold public office.

17. Rome’s Government • 2 Consuls, both patricians were voted on each year. Why do you think they held such a short term? • Praetor: interpret the law & act as judges in court cases. • Senate: lawmaking body of 300 patricians who served for life. In the beginning only gave advice to the counsuls, but later it became more powerful, by 200’s could propose laws, hold debates & approve bldg programs

18. Patricians v Plebeians • 494 B.C. plebeians went on strike. • 471 B.C. plebeians set up their own representative body, The Council of the Plebs • 455 B.C. Plebeians allowed to marry patricians • 287 B.C. Plebeians gained power to pass laws for all Romans. Plebians wore dark tunics, patricians wore white tunics, senators and counsels wore white togas with a purple stripe trim.

19. Cincinnatus Cincinnatus was the most famous Roman dictator who ruled in about 460 B.C. He was appointed by the Roman Senate to help the Army in a crisis situation in which Rome was being threatened. • Left his farm to gather an army, was back home after 15-16 days when the enemy threat to Rome was over. • Why do you think historians compare him to George Washington?

22. Roman Law • 1st code of law was the Twelve Tables. Result of plebeians charging patrician judges with favoring their own class. Cast in bronze & displayed at the Forum for all to see. Est’d. the idea that the law applied to everyone equally. • Basis for our “rule of law” today in the U.S. • Does the law protect everyone equally? Or do the wealthy get special privileges ? Are the poor held more accountable?

23. Punic Wars • Carthage, on the coast of North Africa wanted control of Sicily, as did Rome. 264 B.C. Rome sent an army to Sicily to prevent a takeover.(1st Punic War) • After 20 years of sea battles, Rome defeated Carthage and had complete control of Sicily.

25. Carthage sent its greatest general, Hannibal, to attack Rome in 218 B.C. • 46K men, horses & 37 elephants to attack Italy from Spain, and crossing the Alps. • Hannibal suffered great losses before arriving in Italy, still attacked, overran the Romans at Cannae.

28. 202 B.C. Rome raises another army to attack Carthage. By 146 B.C. Rome finally destroyed Carthage in the Third Punic War. Carthage was burned to the ground, 50K people were enslaved.

29. List the government officials and legislative bodies of the Roman Republic

30. Identify the main idea and supporting details from section 3

31. The Fall of the Republic/section 3 Cause

32. Effect

33. Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus • Reformers who wanted the Senate to take back land from the large land owners and give back to the small farmers. • Both brothers end up being assassinated by a band of senators who had bought up public lands.

34. First Triumvirate • Crassus, Pompey and Julius Caesar was the first political alliance to rule Rome. • Crassus-military leader and one of the richest men in Rome. • Pompey-military leader, not as wealthy as Crassus • Julius Caesar-military leader, feared by the Senate because of his popularity with the lower class

35. Pompey Crassus Julius Caesar

36. Julius Caesar • Risking a civil war, Caesar marched his army back to Rome after being ordered to give up his military command. • Successfully runs Pompey out of Italy and defeats him in Greece in 48 B.C. • In 44 B.C Caesar declared himself dictator of Rome for life, fills the Senate with members who are loyal to him. • Yet….

37. Caesar cont’d • Granted citizenship to people living in Rome’s territories outside the Italian peninsula • Started new colonies to provide land for the landless and created work for Rome’s jobless people. Ordered landowners using slave labor to hire more free workers. • Created a new calendar with 12 months, 365 days and a leap year, known as the Julian calendar. It was used until 1582 when it was modified slightly and is our calendar we use today, the Gregorian, based on the birth of Christ.

38. Caesar cont’d • Had popular support of the people while the Senators feared he was too ambitious and desired to be king. • 15 March 44 B.C., known as the Ides of March, Caesar was attacked and assassinated by members of the Senate, including close friend, Brutus.

40. Second Triumvirate • Octavian- Caesar’s grandnephew • Antony-one of Caesar’s top generals • Lepidus-one of Caesar’s top generals

41. Lepidus Marc Antony Octavian Africa Eastern provinces Western provinces

42. Cleopatra and Marc Antony • In 42 bc, at Philippi, the triumvirate crushed the forces led by two assassins of Caesar, the Roman statesmen Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus, who sought to restore the Roman Republic. Later in the same year, Antony summoned the Egyptian queen Cleopatra to attend him in the city of Tarsus, in Cilicia (now in Turkey), and explain her refusal to aid the triumvirate in the civil war. Instead of punishing Cleopatra, however, Antony fell in love with her and returned with her to Egypt in 41 b.c..

43. Cleopatra VII had given birth to a son with Julius Caesar and also gave birth to twins and a third child with Marc Antony. • So, what happened to all those children? • Her death ends the age of Egyptian pharaohs.

44. Battle of Actium • 31 B.C., Octavian defeated the army and navy of Antony and Cleopatra. The couple fled to Egypt where one year later, they commit suicide rather than be captured by Octavian.

47. The Early Empire/section 4 • Octavian takes the name Augustus, which means the revered or majestic one. • Augustus’ rule ushers in 200 years of peaceful times for Rome known as PaxRomana.

48. Julio-Claudian rulers • Tiberius • Caligula • Claudius • Nero

49. Roads and money • Rome’s trade was helped by a common currency or system of money. Roman coins were accepted throughout the Mediterranean region by A.D. 100.

50. Safer roads and seas • During the Pax Romana, Rome’s system of roads reached a total length of 50,000 miles. On the seas, the Roman navy helped to rid the Mediterranean of pirates so goods could be shipped more safely to and from Rome’s ports. (JAT p. 294)