Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function

1. Chapter 4Cell Structure and Function Image from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

2. CELL THEORY 1. All living things are made of cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things. (CELL= the basic unit of life) • Cells come from the reproduction of • existing cells.

3. WHICH IS BIGGER? Plant cell Animal cell bacteria _________ > _____________ > ___________

4. Image from: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html A CELL is . . . made of MOLECULES ATOMS MOLECULES ORGANELLES _______  ___________ ___________

5. CELL THEORY CELL SIZE 1. All living things are made of _____________.2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism (= basic unit of __________)3. Cells come from the reproduction of ___________________ cells ___________ cells > _________ cells > _____________

6. CELL MEMBRANE(also called plasma membrane) Cell membranes are made of ________________ & __________________ PHOSPHOLIPIDS PROTEINS

7. LIPID TAILS ARE HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC HYDROPHOBIC

8. Oil and water don’t mix! Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif

9. PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif

10. CELL MEMBRANE Proteins that stick on the surface = _____________(either inside or outside of cell) Proteins that stick INTO membrane = ________________ (can go part way in or all the way through) PERIPHERAL INTEGRAL

11. GLYCOPROTEINS Recognize “self” GLYCOPROTEINS are INTEGRAL PROTEINS

12. WHAT DOES IT DO? Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cellmembrane.html http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm • Controls what enters and leaves cell

13. SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE(semi-permeable)

14. CELL MEMBRANE Made of __________________ and ______________ HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as a LIPID ________________ with POLAR heads facing _______ and NON-POLAR tails facing ________ Proteins attached to inside or outside surface = ______________ Proteins stuck into membrane = ______________ (can go part way in or all the way through) OTHER MOLECULES: GLYCOPROTEINS (with sugars) attached that “recognize self” are ________________ PROTEINS STEROIDS (lipids)

15. CYTOPLASM (cytosol + organelles) Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html CYTOSOL – gel-like goo ORGANELLE-small structure with a specific function (job) Image from: http://faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu.htm

16. NUCLEUS Largest organelle in animal cells Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

17. NUCLEUS Surrounded by DOUBLE bilayer membrane = NUCLEAR ENVELOPE(nuclear membrane) Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_11.GIF

18. NUCLEUS NUCLEAR PORES Openings to allow molecules to move in and out of nucleus Image from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html

19. WHAT DOES IT DO? • Contains genetic material (DNA) DNA is spread out as CHROMATINin non-dividing cells DNA is scrunched up as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells

20. WHAT DOES IT DO? • Control center of cell Image from: Genetic code tells the cell’s parts what to do Image from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

21. NUCLEOLUS Image from: http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/~babiarz/histo/cell/nuc3L.jpg Dark spot in nucleus = NUCLEOLUS • Makes RNA for ribosomes

22. NUCLEUS NUCLEOLUS • Surrounded by _____________ bilayer MEMBRANE (called the NUCLEAR ENVELOPE) • CONTROL CENTER OF CELL • CONTAINS GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA) • Dark spot = NUCLEOLUS makes ___________________ (RNA) DNA is scrunched up as ______________ in dividing cells. DNA is spread out as ________________ in non-dividing cells.

23. Image from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/default.htm CYTOSKELETON • Gives cell shape & support • Help move organelles around Made of PROTEINS called MICROFILAMENTS & MICROTUBULES Image from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html

24. CYTOSKELETON

25. MITOCHONDRIA (plural=MITOCHONDRIA) Image from: http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/mitochondrion2.gif • Looks like “little sausages”

26. MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane Has its own DNA Folded inner membranecalled CRISTAE Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe

27. WHAT DOES IT DO? Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/mito.html http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html “Powerplant of cell” Burns glucose to release energy Stores energy as ATP Image by: Riedell

28. MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by _____________ membrane Contains its own ___________ ______________________ of cell Burns ____________ Stores energy as ______ Folded inner membrane = _________________ (increases surface area for more chemical reactions)

29. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm Network of hollow tubules 2 KINDS: SMOOTH or ROUGH Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_10B.GIF

30. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER) Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/er.html Moves substances around inside cell = “Intracellular highway” Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe Has RIBOSOMESattached

31. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) • Has RIBOSOMESattached • Transports molecules to other parts of cell

32. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER) Image from: http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPG • Has NO ribosomes attached • Makes steroids • Regulates calcium • Destroys toxic substances

33. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Network membranes Rough ER: Transports molecules inside cell “____________________________” Smooth ER: Makes ______________, regulates ________________, breaks down _________________ SMOOTH ER ROUGH ER (no ribosomes) (with ribosomes)

34. RIBOSOMES • Made of PROTEINS and RNA • Protein factory for cell  Image by: RIedell Image from: http://www.ust.hk/roundtable/hi-tech.series/1_b1.jpg

35. RIBOSOMES Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe Can be attached to Rough ER OR free in cytoplasm Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

36. RIBOSOMES

37. GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY) Image from: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h • Pancake like membrane stacks • Packages molecules for transport out of cell Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h

38. GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)

39. It’s ALL connected!

40. LYSOSOMES Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/lysosomes.html • Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINScalled digestive enzymes • Digest food, unwanted molecules, • old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc

41. LYSOSOMES Image modified from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html

42. LYSOSOMES Image from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html

43. LYSOSOMES

44. CENTRIOLES Appear during cell division to pull chromosomes apart

45. CENTRIOLES Made of PROTEINS called MICROTUBULES Image from: http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/organelle_worksheet.htm

46. CENTRIOLES

47. FLAGELLA & CILIA Made of PROTEINS called MICROTUBULES (9 + 2 arrangement) Image from: http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/flagella.jpg

48. FLAGELLA Help in cell movement

49. CILIA Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm Move cell itself

50. CILIA Move substances past cells Image from: http://academic.pg.cc.md.us/~aimholtz/AandP/206_ONLINE/Immune/Innate_Images/cilia.jpg