By Patricia Lauber

1. "Seeing Earth From Space" By Patricia Lauber Theme 3: A Changing Planet “Seeing Earth from Space”

2. Summary Slide • Graphic Aids • Reread to Clarify • Background • Purpose • Graphic Aids • Synthesize • Main Idea and Details • Analogies • Websites Theme 3: A Changing Planet “Seeing Earth from Space”

3. Graphic Aids • Remember authors use graphic aids to help readers better understand the text or to give further information. • Graphic aids allow authors to present information quickly and easily. • In a photo essay, the pictures and text work together to inform the reader. Theme 3: A Changing Planet “Seeing Earth from Space”

4. Reread to Clarify • Active readers use strategies, such as rereading, to understand the main idea and concepts of a passage as they read. • Active readers often read parts of a passage or the whole passage two or three times. • When you read nonfiction and are having difficulty understanding the information, reread to clarify the main idea and difficult concepts, as well as to see how graphic aids are used. Theme 3: A Changing Planet “Seeing Earth from Space”

5. Background: Apollo 8 • Launched on December 21, 1968, Apollo 8 was the first spacecraft to carry astronauts to the moon. • It took three days to travel to the Moon, which they orbited for twenty hours. • Frank Borman was the commander. James Lovell was command module pilot; and Williams Anders was the lunar module pilot. • Lovell described the surface: “The Moon is essentially grey, no color; looks like plaster of Paris or sort of a grayish beach sand.” Theme 3: A Changing Planet “Seeing Earth from Space”

6. Background: Apollo Program • On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first person to set foot on the moon. • By the time the Apollo space program ended in 1972, United States astronauts had made five more moon landings and brought back to Earth approximately 840 pounds of rock and soil samples. Theme 3: A Changing Planet “Seeing Earth from Space”

7. Background: Coral Reef • The outer layer of a coral reef consists of living corals and algae. • Algae are green plants that use sunlight to produce food energy. Some of this food energy is used by the coral. • Corals also feed on tiny sea animals called zooplankton. As they digest the zooplankton, the corals release nutrients to the algae. • Coral and algae depend on each other for nourishment. Theme 3: A Changing Planet “Seeing Earth from Space”

8. Background: Atmosphere • The Earth’s atmosphere is made up of mostly nitrogen (about 78%) and oxygen (about 21%). • Scientist believe it wasn’t until about 400 million years ago that the atmosphere contained enough oxygen for animals to live on Earth. • The word “atmosphere” first appeared in the English language in 1677; and “stratosphere” in 1909. • Atmos (Greek “vapor”) + sphere (Latin “ball”) = atmosphere • Stratos (Latin “spread”) + sphere (Latin “ball”) = stratosphere • Ion (Greek “to go”) + sphere (Latin “ball”) - ionosphere Theme 3: A Changing Planet “Seeing Earth from Space”

9. Purpose • Read to understand more about what Earth looks like from space. • Read “Seeing Earth from Space” – pages 322 – 339. • Read “Earth Songs” – pages 340 – 343. Theme 3: A Changing Planet “Seeing Earth from Space”

10. Graphic Aids • Graphic aids organize information into a visual form that makes complex information easier to understand. • Refer to “Seeing Earth from Space” to answer the following questions: • What type of graphic aid is used in this selection? • What type of graphic aid could be improved by using photographs taken from space? photographs map Theme 3: A Changing Planet “Seeing Earth from Space”

11. Graphic Aids 3. Read the paragraph on page 333. If I wanted to show how much the Himalayas had grown in the past thousand years, what type of graphic aid could I use? 4. If I wanted to give the information on page 333 in a list showing years and heights, instead of in a graph, what type of graphic aid could I use? 5. Read the first paragraph on page 337. If I wanted to show how the layers of atmosphere, stratosphere, ionosphere, and space are arranged around Earth, which graphic aid would I use? graph chart diagram Theme 3: A Changing Planet “Seeing Earth from Space”

12. Graphic Aids/Selection Summary Look at the photographs for clues to recall the selection’s main ideas. We learn a lot about Earth by viewing it from space. Astronauts can see both natural and man-made dangers that worry them. Islands are formed by volcanoes and/or coral. Once formed, islands attract plant and animal life and continue to change. Land masses continue to move, making mountains grow. Astronauts have a unique picture of our Earth. Astronauts know that Earth is small and fragile and that we must treasure and protect it. Theme 3: A Changing Planet “Seeing Earth from Space”

13. Synthesize • When you learn about a subject, you get your information from different parts of one selection or from several sources. • You combine this information and use the facts from one part of a selection, or from one source, to enhance what you’ve learned in another. • This process is known as synthesizing. Theme 3: A Changing Planet “Seeing Earth from Space”

14. Synthesize • Synthesizing means gathering information from more than one source and combining it. • When you research a topic, some information is important and some is not. • Good synthesizers recognize the important information in each text, and do not include information that is irrelevant to their topic. • After gathering information, it is important to decide which information is irrelevant, which repeats information you already have, and which should be included in your writing. Theme 3: A Changing Planet “Seeing Earth from Space”

15. Text Structure: Main Idea and Details • Authors often organize their text around main ideas, which are supported by details. • Both the selection as a whole and the individual paragraphs are organized in this way. • The main idea of a paragraph is often stated—usually either at the beginning or end of the paragraph—but sometimes it is only implied. • The main idea of a selection tells what the selection is mostly about. It can usually be determined by adding up the main ideas in the various paragraphs in the selection. Theme 3: A Changing Planet “Seeing Earth from Space”

16. Text Structure: Main Idea and Details Read the second paragraph on page 328, which begins, “Once an island….” Here is how you might determine the main idea: The first sentence is “Once an island is born, life arrives.” The next three sentences describe how live arrives. Then I read that the land becomes a place where people can live. Next is an example of a place where this happened. The paragraph ends by pointing out the inactive volcano, which created the island. That brings me back to the beginning. I think the main idea of this paragraph is expressed by the first sentence. Theme 3: A Changing Planet “Seeing Earth from Space”

17. Analogy • An analogy is a statement that shows how two words in one pair are related in the same way as two words in another pair. • Night is to day as barren is to ________. • Reef is to coral as book is to __________. • Lagoon is to bay as calm is to __________. • Meander is to wander as adore is to ______. • Maple is to tree as atoll is to ___________. fertile paper peaceful love island Theme 3: A Changing Planet “Seeing Earth from Space”

18. Websites • About the Author: Patricia Lauber • Background: Birds-eye vs. Worms-eye view • Test Tutor: Main Idea and Details • Grammar Park: Exploring the Pronoun Reef Theme 3: A Changing Planet “Seeing Earth from Space”

19. Credits • Harcourt Trophies – Distant Voyages, Chicago: Harcourt, 2003. • MacMillan Connections – Landscapes, New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1987. Theme 3: A Changing Planet “Seeing Earth from Space”