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Chi-Chang Liu, Hei-I Lo, Ching-Jiang Chen, Ching-Chung Huang

Chi-Chang Liu, Hei-I Lo, Ching-Jiang Chen, Ching-Chung Huang. 823, Cherng-Ching Road, 833, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. ICRP 26, 1977. If man is adequately protected then other living things are also likely to be sufficiently protected. ICRP 66, 1991.

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Chi-Chang Liu, Hei-I Lo, Ching-Jiang Chen, Ching-Chung Huang

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  1. Chi-Chang Liu, Hei-I Lo, Ching-Jiang Chen, Ching-Chung Huang 823, Cherng-Ching Road, 833, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

  2. ICRP 26, 1977 If man is adequately protected then other living things are also likely to be sufficiently protected ICRP 66, 1991 The committee believes that the standards of environmental control needed to protect man to the degree currently thought desirable will ensure that other species are not put at risk ICRP 91, 2003 A systematic approach for radiological assessment of non-human species is needed in order to provide the scientific basis for managing radiation effects in the environment The idea of asking any processes or products to ensure that any activities should make an optimal contribution to sustainable development is popular in this decade.

  3. IAEA-723-J9-SP-114.3, 2002 In view of such basic ethical differences and attitudes to the environment……. The following area of agreement were considered. • Sustainable development: The UN ‘Rio’ declaration. 1992 • Environmental conservation. • Maintenance of biodiversity: ‘Rio’ 1992. • Environmental justification. • Human dignity. UN Charter of the United Nation. 1945 Justification : Overall net benefit. Overall net environmental (ecological) benefit

  4. Ecosystem Economic market Society (Human) Society (Human) Economic market Ecosystem Conceptual Triple-Baseline Model

  5. Economic system should be fair to each species in the earth ! Impact Assessment should be fair to each contamination sources

  6. Exergy= h= Specific enthalpy, s= Specific entropy, C= Velocity, Z= Height of the system measured from a fixed datum, g= Gravity constant. A new economic system based on thermodynamic framework is suggested by Dr. Odum at 1988. 日照乃萬物之本 Sunlight is the basis of all plant life and thus animal life. • Solar Energy is suggested to be used as referenced currency. • Every process (natural and industrial) could be expressed by energy flow and transform to solar energy in unit sej. • Emergy means embody energy. • m=tB B: exergy ( energy availability ) t : transformity • Compare different form that usually not comparable. Howard  T.  Odum Graduate Research Professor; Director, Center for Environmental Policy Environmental Engineering Sciences University of Florida, USA

  7. Nonrenew source F N Economic market Renew source ECO system Industrial process R Y F Nonrenew source N Economic market Renew source ECO- system Industrial process Biosphere R Y R1 W F1 Waste Biosphere Sustainability and emergy Impact included Traditional diagram

  8. Transformities of natural processes. (Odum, 1996) Annual gross emergy product in Taiwan 2.141023 sej/yr (Huang,1995)

  9. Developing a common approach for radiological protection of human and non-human organisms. ICRP 91,2003

  10. Model for risk valuation IAEA, Safety Ser, No. 67, 1985. Y=L(G/N). Y = cost loss due to health effect per man-Sv, L = life shortening per man-Sv (man-year), G = gross national product, N = national population. Human Risk value -- ICRP 60 Transformities 5.211014 sej/man-Sv(Worker) 6.791014 sej/man-Sv(Public)

  11. No risk model for non-human species !? Recommendation of Dose limit (UNSCEAR,1996) Primary dose limit recommendation(Sazykina,1999)

  12. No risk model for non-human species !? Recommendation of no effect values (CANADA, 2001) Problem is the uncertainty and RBE. New task group of ICRP will define the effect and endpoint.

  13. Case study 半屏山 An important place for cement producing. The mining right was stopped at 1997. Now a preservation park is established. Fly ash is thought to be a replacement of cement. Cement Flyash

  14. Activity concentration of cement and fly-ash samples in Taiwan Taiwan Radiation Monitoring Center Counting system : HPGE Analysis by Genie 2000, CANBERRA Co.

  15. Production of cement ~ 2109 sej/g Collecting fly-ash ~2107sej/g Disposal fly ash 4107 sej/g Cement with fly-ash save ~ 7108 sej/g Enhanced Natural radiation hazard ~ 4.3104 sej/g Justification satisfied Net environmental benefit 4m Point kernel method for dose assessment. 1 m Net annual dose increased =7.2810-11 Sv/g-flyash

  16. 3. Risk for other species is hard to define !? Sparrow Butastur indicus Should they Equivalent ? Common animal Endanger animal Conclusion • Emergy approach could be used as a potential tools to evaluate the impact of ionizing radiation to ecological system. Right now, it is limited in human health impact only. • Radiation impact is treated as a feedback cost of a practice or intervention. The justification can then be evaluated. • Environmental radiation monitoring plan should be revised. It is a challenge in the future.

  17. Thank you for your attention … The authors …

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