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Understanding Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis Explained

This review focuses on the mechanisms of cell division through mitosis and meiosis, highlighting the genetic identities of daughter cells produced. It explains the roles of mitosis in growth, cell replacement, and asexual reproduction, while examining how meiosis introduces genetic diversity among gametes. Key stages of the cell cycle are identified, including the differentiation between somatic cells and gametes, and the chromosomal basis of conditions like Down syndrome. It also discusses nondisjunction and its implications for gamete formation.

noelle-williamson
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Understanding Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis Explained

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  1. Chapter 8 Review 11/18/08

  2. Questions 1. Ordinary cell division produces 2 daughter cells that are genetically identical – name 3 functions of this type of cell division 2. During what parts of the cell cycle does each Ch consist of 2 chromatids 3. An organism called a plasmodial slime mold is one huge cytoplasmic mass with many nuclei. Explain what change in the ‘cell cycle’ caused this? 4. In what sense are the 2 daughter cells produced by mitosis identical? 5. __ is to somatic cells as haploid is to ___.

  3. Answers 1. Cell replacement, growth, asexual reproduction 2. From the end of the S phase (interphase) until the beginning of the anaphase in mitosis. 3. Mitosis occurs repeatedly – without cytokinesis 4. They have identical genes (DNA) 5. Diploid; gametes

  4. Questions 1. Name 2 events during meiosis that contribute to genetic variety among gametes. During what stages of meiosis does each occur? 2. How does the karyotype of a human female differ from that of a male? 3. What is the chromosomal basis of Down syndrome? 4. Explain how nondisjunction in meiosis could result in a diploid gamete. 5. Which 2 phases of mitosis are essentially opposites in terms of the nucleus? 6. If a somatic cell in a dog has 78 Chs, a dog sperm would contain __ Chs.

  5. Answers 1. Crossing over between homologous Chs during prophase I and independent orientation of tetrads at metaphase I 2. A female has two X Chs; a male has an X and a Y 3. 3 copies of Ch 21 (trisomy21) 4. A diploid gamete would result if there were nondisjunction of all the Chs during meiosis I or II 5. Prophase and telophase 6. 39

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