Foundations Introduction

1. Foundations Introduction AP World History Mr. Gazdzik

2. What is Periodization? • Answer Each period in history has major developments that are dominant at the time. • Periodization simply means to name these characteristics and later classify the historical evidence we learn to the generalization we made before studying the period.

3. Foundations: 3 Themes • Civilizations • Patterns, developments • Rise-fall of empires: why? consequences? • Sources of Change • Trade • Conquest • Invention, innovation, adaptation; iron, wheel • Man vs. Nature • Interaction? Role of geography? Attempts to measure/control? • Change from survival (physical needs) to internal peace (spiritual needs)

4. Stages of Development • Paleolithic Age • Neolithic Age • Agricultural Revolution/Neolithic Revolution • Progression from: • Migration • Sedentary Groups • Cities • Empires

5. Consequences of a Food Surplus • Specialization of labor • Improved technology: metal working, irrigation • Stratification of society • Possessions • Armies • Religion • Writing • Government • Population density increases

6. Advanced Cities Advanced Technology CIVILIZATION Specialized Workers Record- Keeping Complex Institutions

7. Civilization and Culture • Defined: • Highly organized group of people with their own language and ways of living. • Defined: • Everything that makes up a way of life • All cultures have five common components: • symbols, • language, • values and beliefs • Norms • material culture, including technology.

8. Global Power and International Relations • Most advanced civilizations were found in: • Middle East (especially the river valleys of Egypt and Mesopotamia) • China • Why? • Late comers: Greece and Rome Note: Cultures in North and South America were physically and culturally isolated from the rest of the continents.

9. Global Power and IR Cont. • The cultures of Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia were all linked, directly or indirectly: • war conquest • trade • travel • religious interaction • cultural exchange • By 600 ce the world’s most powerful and advanced, especially China, Persia, and Byzantium. • Europe was slowly recovering from the collapse of Rome in the late 400s.

10. Political Developments • Development of agriculture • advanced forms of political organization • Most governments were • monarchies (rule by a single leader) • Oligarchies (rule by a small elite). • More representative forms of government, such as republics and democracies, were very rare.

11. Political Developments • Decentralized civilizations were governed by confederations of independent city-states (such as Greece) of feudal systems (such as Europe after the fall of Rome). • Many civilizations, by means of military conquest, built empires. • Among the largest and longest lasting were Assyria’s, Persia’s, Rome’s and China’s.

12. Economic and Environmental Developments • Development of agriculture during the Neolithic revolution • Agriculture allowed for • Economic Complexity • Surplus • Specialization of Labor • Social Stratification (Class System) • Use of money for exchange (particularly coinage)

13. Environmental Impact • Use of water resources • Clearing of land • Use of building materials • Roads • Use of fuel materials • Animals • Disease • Mining

14. Cultural Developments • Pre-History • Expression in paint and music • Polytheistic religious practices • Buried their dead, religious rituals • Writing develops 3000bce. • Observation and experimentation • Agricultural development • Strong traditions in China, Middle East (SWA), and Med. • World Major Monotheistic Religions are established (Except Islam)

15. Gender Issues • The ability of humans to mate when and with whom they chose gave rise to family units during the prehistoric era. • How have relationship/courtship practices changed?  Basic physical differences between the sexes led to a gender divisions of labor in most Stone Age societies. • Agriculture • Greater gender divisions = Rise in gender inequality • Who really was displaced during agricultural development?

16. Gender Issues  Organized religions often reinforced this sense of inequality. • In most societies up to 600 ce women were relegated to a secondary, subservient role. • The degree of subservience depended on the society. • Women had at least some right (divorce, inheritance, and ownership of property for example) if in law code. • They might also exercise certain forms of influence within their societies or, at least their families. • How might this happen?

18. C and S AmericaException to the Rule • Olmecs (Mexico), Chavin (Andes) developed similarly to others: urban, polytheistic, irrigation, writing, calendar, monumental building • The point: Similar pattern of development in different part of earth, no contact • The difference: Not River Valley Civs. No major river to use as transportation or generator of agri-production

19. Ideas, Culture, Invention • Trade routes brought various peoples in contact • Pastoralists provided protection, services, supplies • Disease and armies also traveled the routes • plague, small pox, Mongols • Religion-Buddhism to China, SE Asia • Christianity through Med, Europe, Britain • Peoples: Anglo-Saxons to Britain, Huns to India, Germanic Tribes to Italy

20. Belief Systems through 600 CE • Polytheism • Confucianism • Daoism • Legalism • Hinduism • Buddhism • Judaism • Christianity

21. Commonalities • Schisms-Divisions resulting in subgroups, sects • Consider social, political, cultural, military impacts as well as theological and philosophical • Where did it start? Where did he spread? How?

22. COMPARE • Golden Ages of Rome, Greece, Gupta, Others • Expansion of Territory, flourishing of art and science • Wealth flows in due to military expansion, confidence

23. Questions and Comparisons to Consider While Reading • What roles do geography, climate, and environment play in shaping human society? • How have different societies affected their environments? • How do human societies develop into societies? • What does it mean to be “civilized”? • How do agricultural and urban societies compare with pastoral and nomadic ones?

24. Questions and Comparisons to Consider While Reading • What is the importance of cultural interaction and diffusion versus that of independent innovation in changing societies technologically, scientifically, or culturally? (Home grown vs. Imported?) • Compare how different religious and philosophical traditions have determined how societies organize themselves: how they have justified class systems and hierarchies, how they have treated women. • Examine and compare various forms of social inequality (slavery, caste systems, patriarchy, gender inequality) in different cultures.

25. Questions and Comparisons to Consider While Reading • How have different societies organized themselves economically? What role did trade play? Be able to describe the features of at least on interregional trading system • For example, the Indian Ocean trade network or the overland route linking the Mediterranean and Middle East with East Asia.

26. Questions and Comparisons to Consider While Reading • What are the “classical” civilizations? What does the concept mean? Be able to compare major civilizations-such as India, China, Greece, or Rome-during their classical phases. • How and why do empires and major civilizations decline or collapse? Good comparisons might include Egypt versus Mesopotamia or the Roman Empire versus Han China. • More generally, why did imperial collapse prove more devastating in western Europe than it did farther to the east?

27. What is periodization? • Why are we ending the time period at 600 CE?