Marriage strategies among inmigrants in Spain

1. Multi-attribute analysis and projection of ethnic populations. 3-5 JUNE 2009 Marriagestrategiesamong inmigrants in Spain María Sánchez University Complutense of Madrid-UCM Grupo de estudios de Población y Sociedad-GEPS mail: msanchez@geps.es Helga de Valk University of Brussel mail Helga.De.Valk@vub.ac.be David Reher University Complutense of Madrid-UCM Grupo de estudios de Población y Sociedad-GEPS mail: dreher@geps.es

2. Sánchez, de Valk, and Reher “Marriagestrategiesamonginmigrants in Spain Topic and research questions • What types of marriage choices are made by immigrants currently living in Spain • we contrast those in endogamous marriages to those in ethnic intermarriages • Factors that are influence on these mating choices • explain differences and similarities in marriage strategies within and between immigrant groups

3. Sánchez, de Valk, and Reher “Marriagestrategiesamonginmigrants in Spain Background Why is it interesting? Intermarriage as indicator for integration Different marriage strategies of immigrants: links between marriage and migration New immigrant context in Spain: very limited information on Spain do theoretical notions (mainly from the US) apply to Spain and its immigrants?

4. Sánchez, de Valk, and Reher “Marriagestrategiesamonginmigrants in Spain Theoretical starting points and hypotheses H1: levels of ethnic endogamous marriages will be larger for those immigrants who married before migration H2: lowest levels of endogamy (and the highest ones of intermarriage) to be found among immigrants who arrived in Spain before the onset of the massive migration flows of the late 1990s H3: immigrants coming from countries with less historical and cultural links with Spain are more likely to be in an ethnic endogamous marriage than those with longstanding historical and cultural linkages

5. Theoretical starting points and hypotheses H4: those who have lower levels of education should be more likely to be married endogamous H5: those who have studied in Spain are less likely to be in an endogamous marriage than those who did not receive education in Spain Sánchez, de Valk, and Reher “Marriagestrategiesamonginmigrants in Spain

6. Theoretical starting points and hypotheses H6: women are more likely to be in an ethnic endogamous marriage than men H7: we should not expect the marriage chances or their determinants to be similar among men or women Sánchez, de Valk, and Reher “Marriagestrategiesamonginmigrants in Spain

7. Sánchez, de Valk, and Reher “Marriagestrategiesamonginmigrants in Spain Background on Spain Spain changed from sending to host society of immigration in the 1990s 1999 3% and in 2008 13% of population has a foreign nationality Birth rates among women with foreign nationality are an increasing share of the total number of births in Spain Composition of the population age stuctures and the active population changed due to immigration

8. Data: THE NATIONAL IMMIGRANT SURVEY (ENI) Sample foreign-born residents in Spain of 16 years and older who have been in Spain for at least one year. If the duration of their stay was less than one year, they needed to state their intention to stay for at least one year Sampling frame Padrón municipal de habitantes Definition Immigrant: an immigrant is a foreign-born (in developing or developed country) resident of Spain irrespective of his/her nationality. Some drawbacks: persons interviewed had to be present in Spain at the time of the interview persons living in collective residences (>15 persons) were not sampled temporary seasonal workers are not sampled Sánchez, de Valk, and Reher “Marriagestrategiesamonginmigrants in Spain

9. The structure of the instrument • Household characteristics [demographic + kinship] • Social, demographic and educational characteristics • Migratory experience since childhood • Situation at origin upon departure for Spain National Immigrant Survey of Spain - ENI (2007) • Conditions upon arrival in Spain • Labor-market participation [first job and present job ] • Housing conditions [first and present] • Spatial mobility within Spain • Links to country of birth • Links to Spanish civil society and legal status

10. Sample size: approx 15,500 persons Representative for Spain, for main regions and immigrant groups. Number of persons surveyed by country of origin

12. Sánchez, de Valk, and Reher “Marriagestrategiesamonginmigrants in Spain Sample Sample selection: those we have been married no longer than five years prior to arrival in Spain, who are currently living with the spouse, were at least 16 years at arrival in Spain and coming from a developing country Morocco n=402 Romania n=301 Ecuador n=249 Colombia n=254 Argentina n=165 other developing countries n=1,133

13. variables and models Dependent variable: Respondent in an endogamous marriage or in ethnic intermarriage (reference category) Method: logistic regression models Full sample Separate models for men and women Sánchez, de Valk, and Reher “Marriagestrategiesamonginmigrants in Spain

14. Based on theoretical notions we selected the following Independent variables to test our hypotheses: Time to marriage: before, around, after Year of arrival to Spain: grouped in different periods Country of origin: country of birth Educational level: in three categories (low, middle, high) Studies in Spain: dummy yes or no (ref. category) Sex: dummy (men ref. category) Age difference couple: age difference between husband and wife grouped in 3 categories Spanish Citizenship: dummy yes or no (ref. category) Age at arrival in Spain: grouped in age groups Sánchez, de Valk, and Reher “Marriagestrategiesamonginmigrants in Spain

15. Sánchez, de Valk, and Reher “Marriagestrategiesamonginmigrants in Spain

16. Sánchez, de Valk, and Reher “Marriagestrategiesamonginmigrants in Spain

17. Sánchez, de Valk, and Reher “Marriagestrategiesamonginmigrants in Spain

18. Sánchez, de Valk, and Reher “Marriagestrategiesamonginmigrants in Spain Level of endogamous marriages by immigrant group and gender

19. Sánchez, de Valk, and Reher “Marriagestrategiesamonginmigrants in Spain Percentage of respondents in an endogamous marriage by period of arrival and country of origin

20. Timing of marriage related to the timing of migration (before, around or after) for men by country of origin (%)

21. Timing of marriage related to the timing of migration (before, around or after) for women by country of origin (%)

22. Logistic regression coefficients for predicting ethnic endogamous marriages

23. Logistic regression coefficients for predicting ethnic endogamous marriages without those having citizenship from birth!

24. Odds ratios for endogamous marriage for men and women controlled for background characteristics

26. Conclusions • Importance of meeting chances as indicated by the timing of the marriage and migration as well as the period of residence • Levels of endogamous marriages differ per country of origin: • Cultural distance seems to be more important than migration history • Different patterns of marriage and migration by gender: • Women are less likely to be in an endogamous marriage • Different factors affect chances of endogamous marriage for men and women

27. Conclusions • Conclusions are sensitive to different definitions • What is the future of mating practices in Spain? • U shape pattern of intermarriages • Second generation • Way ahead... • Country analyses • Interaction effects of determinants per country