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OVERVIEW

LINKING LAND USE DECISION WITH STREAM FLOW AND AQUATIC BIOLOGY MANAGEMENT By Jim MacBroom CACIWC Annual Meeting October 2001. OVERVIEW.

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OVERVIEW

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  1. LINKING LAND USE DECISIONWITH STREAM FLOW ANDAQUATIC BIOLOGY MANAGEMENTByJim MacBroomCACIWC Annual MeetingOctober 2001

  2. OVERVIEW Hydrology - The study of precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff, streamflow rates, water storage in wetlands, detention basins, and reservoirs, plus water use and diversions. Ecology - The study of plants, animals, and their environment, with emphasis on aquatic systems, wetlands, and riparian forests.. Hydraulics - The study of the stream’s water velocity, flow depth, flood elevations, channel erosion, storm drains, culverts, bridges, and dams. Water Quality - The study of the physical, biological, and chemical characteristics of surface waters and groundwaters. Engineering/Construction – The application of science and mathematics in analysis, design, permitting, and construction. Fluvial Morphology - The study of the channel’s geologic origin, alignment, slope, shape, size, sediments, and floodplains. Socioeconomic - The study of the sociology, social relationships, economic impacts, and their interconnections.

  3. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

  4. GEOGRAPHIC LEVELS OF RIVERSMANAGEMENT

  5. HYDROLOGIC CHANGES RESULTINGFROM URBANIZATION Source: North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development, in EPA, 1993

  6. EFFECT OF URBANIZATION ON MEANANNUAL FLOOD FOR A 1-SQUAREMILE DRAINAGE AREA PERCENTAGE OF AREA SERVED BY STORM SEWERAGE PERCENTAGE OF AREA IMPERVIOUS Reproduced from U.S. Geological Survey Circular 554 “Hydrology for Urban Land Planning,” 1968.

  7. IMPACT OF LAND USE ON RUNOFF SCS CN METHOD WITH STANDARD CNN VALUES USE TYPE “B” SOIL USE 10-YEAR FREQUENCY. 24-HOUR PRECIPITATION OF 4.7”

  8. RATIO OF 2-YEAR PEAK FLOW 2-YEAR PEAK FLOW/WINTER BASE FLOW TOTAL IMPERVIOUS AREA (%) Ratio of 2-Year Peak Flow to Winter Base Flow in Puget Sound Lowland Stream Sediments over a Gradient of Watershed Impervious Land Cover. Horner et al, ASCE 1996

  9. WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT EFFECTS IMPERVIOUS SURFACE AREA STREAM QUALITY IMPAIRMENT Thresholds for Impervious Surface Impact taken from Klein, 1979

  10. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IMPERVIOUSCOVER AND STREAM QUALITY WATERSHED IMPERVIOUS COVER LEVEL OF STREAM QUALITY Impervious Cover / Stream Quality Relationship used in the Stream Classification Model. Schueler & Claytor, 1996, ASCE Metro Washington, D.C. area.

  11. EFFECT OF IMPERVIOUS COVER COMMUNITY INDEX (%) % IMPERVIOUS COVER The Effect of Impervious Cover on the Macroinvertebrate Community; Community Index Values Reported as % of Reference based upon 6 Metrics; Taxonomic Richness, EPT Richness, % EPT Abundance, % Chironomidae, % Dominant Taxon, And Hilsenhoff Biotic Index

  12. IMPACTS ON STREAMS FROMIMPERVIOUS COVER

  13. LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENT • Preserve natural vegetation • Minimize impervious cover • Disconnect impervious cover • Provide riparian buffers • Encourage infiltration • Avoid direct runoff discharges

  14. LIMIT IMPERVIOUS COVER • Minimize road widths and lengths • Combine driveways • Limit lot coverage • Use pervious parking lots • Provide “green” islands and medians • Cluster development

  15. DISCONNECT IMPERVIOUS COVER • Avoid direct discharges to watercourses • Use swales instead of pipes • Encourage overland flow • Minimize road curbs • Provide buffer zones

  16. CHANNEL CLEARING VEGETATED CHANNEL CLEARED CHANNEL

  17. CHANNEL FILLING FILL NATURAL CHANNEL

  18. CHANNEL WIDENING ORIGINAL CHANNEL CUT CHANNEL WIDENING

  19. CHANNEL STRAIGHTENING NATURAL MEANDERING CHANNEL REALIGNED CHANNEL

  20. CHANNEL RELOCATION RELOCATED CHANNEL ORIGINAL CHANNEL FILLED

  21. CHANNEL REALIGNMENT CULVERT CROSSING ROAD RELOCATED CHANNEL AT ROAD CROSSING

  22. CHANNEL DEEPENING NATURAL GROUND EXCAVATED CHANNEL

  23. CHANNEL AGGRADATION NATURAL GROUND SEDIMENT

  24. SAND AND/OR GRAVEL EXCAVATION ORIGINAL CHANNEL BED GRAVEL EXTRACTION SITE FINAL CHANNEL BED

  25. FLOODPLAIN ENCROACHMENTS FLOODWAY FLOODPLAIN FRINGE FILLING FLOODPLAIN FRINGE FLOODPLAIN FILL FLOODPLAIN FRINGE

  26. ROAD CULVERT CROSSINGS ROAD EMBANKMENT WSP* CULVERT STREAM PROFILE SCOUR * CHANGE IN WATER SURFACE PROFILE DUE TO CULVERT

  27. BRIDGES WSP* BRIDGE CHANNEL BED STREAM PROFILE SCOUR * CHANGE IN WATER SURFACE PROFILE DUE TO BRIDGE

  28. DAMS SCOUR DAM COARSE SEDIMENT FINE SEDIMENT

  29. RIPRAP CHANNEL LININGS STONE RIPRAP LINING

  30. RIGID CHANNEL LININGS RIGID LINING (CONCRETE, ASPHALT, MASONRY, ETC.)

  31. DETENTION BASINS DETENTION BASIN EARTH BERM OUTLET PIPE

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