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Exploring the Foundations of Biology: Characteristics, Methods, and Concepts

This chapter introduces the fundamental objectives of biology by applying the scientific method to solve problems and analyze living things. Key characteristics of life, such as organization, response to stimuli, homeostasis, metabolism, growth, reproduction, and change over time are detailed. The chapter also compares hypotheses and theories, emphasizing the need for testable hypotheses. Engaging activities like creating a flapbook for essential terms and interactive discussions foster a deeper understanding of biology as the study of life.

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Exploring the Foundations of Biology: Characteristics, Methods, and Concepts

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  1. Chapter 1 Objectives Apply the Scientific Method to Solve a problem. List the Characteristics of Living Things Understand Homeostasis Compare a Hypothesis and a Theory

  2. Vocabulary Create a flap book for the following terms: • Hypothesis • Theory • Succession • Statistical Variability • Controlled Test • Observation

  3. INTERACTIVE Quickwrite: In your own words, What is Biology?

  4. Biology The Study of LIFE

  5. INTERACTIVE • What makes something alive??? • Think, discuss, pass the pen

  6. Characteristics of Life • Biologists have established that all living things share 7 Characteristics of Life.

  7. Organization and Cells • All living organisms (one celled or multicellular) have some degree of organization. • CELL—smallest unit of life • UNICELLULAR—one celled organisms • MULTICELLULAR—made up of more than one cell • Complex Multicellular organisms (such as humans) have ORGAN SYSTEMS, groups of parts that carry out specific functions. • ORGANS are structures that carry out specialized jobs within an organ system.

  8. Organization and Cells • All organs are made up of TISSUES, or groups of cells with similar functions. • Tissues are made up of CELLS. • ORGANELLES are within each cell and are tiny structures that carry out functions necessary for the cell to stay alive. • Organelles contain BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES, the chemical compounds that provide physical structure, movement, energy. • Biological Molecules are made up of ATOMS, the simplest particle of an element.

  9. Response to Stimuli • An organism can respond to a STIMULUS or physical/chemical change in the internal or external environment. • Example—an owl dilates its pupils to keep the amount of light entering the eye constant and therefore maintain good vision.

  10. Homeostasis • The maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions even though the environment is changing. • Examples: Maintaining body temperature, water content, nutrients within a cell • GOLDFISH LAB

  11. INTERACTIVE • Observing Homeostasis with Goldfish!

  12. Metabolism • Living organisms use ENERGY to repair, move, and grow. • Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment. • Example—plants use the sun’s energy to generate sugar molecules through photosynthesis. • Example—an owl’s metabolism allows the owl to extract chemicals in its prey and use it as energy to fuel growth.

  13. Growth and Development • All living things grow and increase in size. • Living things grow from the results of divisions and enlargements of cells. • Unicellular—enlargement of cells • Multicellular—division of cells • Development is the process by which an organism becomes a mature adult.

  14. Reproduction • All living organisms produce new organisms in a process called reproduction. • Reproduction (unlike the other characteristics is NOT essential for life of a single organism, however it is essential for the continuity of the species) • During reproduction organisms transmit hereditary info to their offspring. This info is encoded in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). • A short segment of DNA contains instructions for a single trait (like eyecolor), this is called a GENE.

  15. Reproduction

  16. Change through Time • Basic genetics do not change through time • Populations of living organisms evolve or change through time to survive

  17. Song—Characteristics of Living Things • Which characteristic is missing??

  18. INTERACTIVE • Is it alive?

  19. Science as a Process • Science is characterized by an organized approach…the SCIENTIFIC METHOD. • Quickwrite…What do you know/remember about the Scientific Method??

  20. Scientific Method Observation/Question Hypothesis Experiment Data/Results Conclusion

  21. Observations • Science starts with observation • Observation involves using the 5 senses to gather information • Can be quantitative (numbers) or qualitative (not numerical, more descriptive) • All of this information is gathered as DATA, or evidence • What are the 5 senses??

  22. INTERACTIVE • Guess What Activity

  23. Interpreting the Evidence • Scientists must make inferences based on the observations. • Inferences are a logical, unbiased, interpretation based on prior knowledge, experience, and observation • Examples of Inferences: • You see a broken window and a baseball laying on the floor under the window. You INFER that the baseball broke the window.

  24. INFERENCE - a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge * Drawing a conclusion

  25. Explaining the Evidence • A HYPOTHESIS is a possible explanation or answer to a scientific question. • A Hypothesis must be TESTABLE. • Examples: 1.  Purina food will reduce a dog's shedding. 2.  Putting Miracle Grow on tomato plants will make them produce more tomatoes. 3.  The drug Avapro will lower a person's blood pressure.

  26. Examples of Hypotheses Examples

  27. INTERACTIVE • Write a hypothesis for the experiment below: • A scientist is going to measure toy car speed on a ramp. He is going to test if the size of the wheel affects the speed of the toy car going down a ramp. He has a regular toy car, a toy car with extra large wheels, and a toy car with mini-wheels. • What is your hypothesis??

  28. Identify the GOOD hypothesesCopy the good hypotheses and explain why it is good. • Plants will grow taller with sunlight. • Boys like video games. • 9th graders are smarter than middle school students. • Dogs will run faster after eating a bone. • Bounty paper towels are stronger than the store brand. • Cats are good mouse hunters.

  29. Setting up a Controlled Experiment • A controlled experiment is a test of a hypothesis with only one variable being tested. • Manipulated (Independent) Variable is the part of the experiment that is being deliberately changed by the scientist. • Responding (Dependent) Variable is the part of the experiment that that changes as a result of the experiment. • Controlled Variables: items that stay constant throughout the experiment (example: the materials used)

  30. INTERACTIVE A scientist is going to measure toy car speed on a ramp. He is going to test if the size of the wheel affects the speed of the toy car going down a ramp. He has a regular toy car, a toy car with extra large wheels, and a toy car with mini-wheels. What would your hypothesis be?? What would the Manipulated/Independent Variable be?? What would the Responding/Dependent Variable be??

  31. INTERACTIVE 2 • Your group will be given a scenario. • Read it aloud. • Answer the questions your notes. • When time is up, rotate the scenarios and repeat.

  32. Recording and Analyzing Results • Scientist keep written records of all observations and data, often in a journal, notebook, or computer.

  33. Error • No experiment is perfect. Many things can go wrong and many things cannot be controlled. • Scientists acknowledge that there will be error. • Scientists ALWAYS identify and communicate sources for error.

  34. Sources for Error…

  35. Drawing a Conclusion • Scientists then use the data and results from an experiment to evaluate the original hypothesis and develop a conclusion. • Look at pages 14-15 in your textbook, study the pictures and captions on the Owl. Be ready to answer the following: • What was the question? • What was the control? • What was the variable? • What was the conclusion?

  36. Publishing • If evidence supporting a hypothesis builds up from many, many experiments by many scientists, the hypothesis becomes a THEORY. • A THEORY is a well-tested explanation or answer to a problem.

  37. INTERACTIVE • Can your procedure be replicated??

  38. Hypothesis vs. Theory

  39. INTERACTIVE • Quickwrite: In your own words explain the difference between Hypothesis and Theory.

  40. Tools and Techniques

  41. Light Microscope • To see small organisms and cells scientists usually use LIGHT MIRCROSCOPES. • A compound light microscope has 2 lenses to magnify an image. • 4 major parts to a light microscope: • Eyepiece • Objective lens • Stage • Light Source

  42. Magnification and Resolution • Magnification– The increase in the objects apparent size • Example: 10x means 10 times the objects real size. • Resolution: the power to show details clearly (how focused it is)

  43. Electron Microscope • To examine cells in great detail or study cell parts or viruses, scientists use Electron Microscopes. • Very powerful magnification and resolution. • Always in black and white (computers can add color)

  44. Metric System • Scientists use a common measuring system so they can compare and understand results. • Called SI or Metric System

  45. Base Units

  46. More Units

  47. Assessment • Chapter Review, pages 25-27

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