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The Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems

The Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems. Heat Energy (Lower Energy, Longwave ). Input Energy (Higher Energy, Shortwave). Work Energy (Higher – Lower Energy). Energy Conversion Process (Physical or Chemical). Dr. Jeffrey R. Corney, Managing Director

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The Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems

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  1. The Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems Heat Energy (Lower Energy, Longwave) Input Energy (Higher Energy, Shortwave) Work Energy (Higher – Lower Energy) Energy Conversion Process (Physical or Chemical) Dr. Jeffrey R. Corney, Managing Director of the University of Minnesota’s Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve

  2. Global Net Primary Productivity NASA

  3. Key to Productivity: Energy & Water (…and Nutrients) Wikipedia Annual Mean Solar Energy Intercepting Surface of Earth NASA

  4. Eco-Regions of Earth LAND OCEAN

  5. Total Global Net Productivity Ecosystem Type Open Ocean Tropical Rain Forest Temperate Deciduous Forest Savanna Boreal Coniferous Forest Continental Shelf Agricultural Land Temperate Grassland Woodland & Shrubland Estuaries Swamps & Marshes Desert Scrub Lakes & Streams Tundra (arctic & alpine) Extreme Desert per R.H. Whittaker Average Global Net Primary Productivity (billion kcal/yr)

  6. Global Net Productivity per Unit Area Ecosystem Type Estuaries Swamps & Marshes Tropical Rain Forest Temperate Deciduous Forest Boreal Coniferous Forest Savanna Agricultural Land Woodland & Shrubland Temperate Grassland Lakes & Streams Continental Shelf Tundra (arctic & alpine) Open Ocean Desert Scrub Extreme Desert per R.H. Whittaker Average Net Primary Productivity (kcal/m2/yr)

  7. THE BIG IDEA: Solar Energy… How Stuff Works …Builds Organisms, Powers Life Functions, and Drives Earth’s Water, Carbon, Oxygen & Nutrient Cycles

  8. Energy Flow Food “Chain” vs. “Food Web” Science Bob

  9. Energy Flow Trophic Levels

  10. Energy Flow Trophic Levels as “Food Web”

  11. Energy Flow Trophic Level Pyramids

  12. Energy Flow Trophic Pyramid to Eltonian Energy Transfer Pyramid U of Virginia The starting point is PHOTOSYNTHESIS

  13. Energy Flow Photosynthesis Cellular Level World Book Encyclopedia

  14. Energy Flow Photosynthesis in Chloroplasts

  15. Energy Flow Site of Photosynthesis: Chlorophyll

  16. Energy Flow The Calvin Cycle The Simple Home School

  17. Energy Flow Product of Photosynthesis

  18. Energy Flow Transfer of Energy from Sun to Cell From here… …to here!

  19. Energy Flow Biological Energy Storage & Release Photosynthesis ENERGY (in) + 6CO2 + 6H2OC6H12O6 + 6O2 “Sugar” Solar Energy > ATP Aerobic Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY (out) “Sugar” Chemical Energy > ATP J. Corney

  20. Conversion of Photon Energy to Work Heat Energy (Lower Energy, Longwave) Input Energy (Higher Energy, Shortwave) Work Energy (Higher – Lower Energy) Energy Conversion Process (Physical or Chemical)

  21. Where It All Begins… NOTE: 1 Watt = 1 Joule/second 1 Joule = 0.00024 kcal 1kcal = 1 Calorie The Sun Radiates 63,000,000 W/m2 of Energy from Its Surface into Space

  22. Then, On to Earth… (93 Million Miles in about 8 Minutes) 1,367 W/m2 or 0.002% of the Sun’s Total Energy Output Reaches Earth’s Orbit

  23. Earth’s Sphere Intercepting Energy 343 W/m2 or 0.0005% of the Sun’s Total Energy Output Enters Earth’s Atmosphere

  24. Earth’s Gross Solar Insolation Wikipedia Annual Mean Solar Insolation Intercepting Top of Earth’s Atmosphere

  25. Earth’s Energy Budget 49% Reflected 51% Re-Radiated 51% Absorbed Jason Project 175 W/m2 or 0.00025% of the Sun’s Total Energy Output Is Absorbed by Earth’s Surface

  26. Energy Flow Solar Spectrum Reaching Earth Sun High energy, short wavelength Low energy, long wavelength Nonionizing radiation Ionizing radiation 343 W/m2 343 W/m2 Cosmic rays Gamma rays X rays Far ultraviolet waves Near ultraviolet waves Visible waves Near infrared waves Far infrared waves microwaves TV waves Radio waves REACHING EARTH LEAVING EARTH 10-14 10-12 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-3 10-2 10-1 1 Wavelength in meters (not to scale) 10% 50% 40% 175 W/m2 ABSORBED BY EARTH’S SURFACE 103 W/m2 REFLECTED BY ATMOSPHERE & SURFACE 65 W/m2 ABSORBED BY ATMOSPHERE & CLOUDS

  27. Net Solar Insolation at Surface Wikipedia Annual Mean Solar Insolation Intercepting Surface of Earth

  28. Energy Flow Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Sun High energy, short wavelength Low energy, long wavelength Nonionizing radiation Ionizing radiation REACHING EARTH LEAVING EARTH Cosmic rays Gamma rays X rays Far ultraviolet waves Near ultraviolet waves Visible waves Near infrared waves Far infrared waves microwaves TV waves Radio waves 10-14 10-12 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-3 10-2 10-1 1 10% 50% 40% Wavelength in meters (not to scale) AVAILABLE FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS (PAR) Global Annual Avg. = 70W/m2 [0.0001% of Total Solar Energy Output] Range (latitude/season) = 0 - 240W/m2 [e.g. = mid-lat./summer = 160W/m2]

  29. Energy Flow Cross-Section of Energy for 1-m2 (4-month Summer Growing Season)* Average PAR during Summer at 43oN = 160 W/m2 1 Watt = 1 Joule/second 1 Joule = 0.00024 kcal 1 kcal = 1 Calorie 160 W/m2 160 W/m2 160 W/m2 160 W/m2 0.04 kcal/sec/m2 *Over a four-month summer season in a Temperate Deciduous Forest at 43oN Latitude (generalized from Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest study) J. Corney

  30. Energy Flow Energy Flow Into an Ecosystem 400,000 kcal/m2 * (Summer Avg. = 160 W/m2) SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIALLY AVAILABLE FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS *Over a four-month summer season in a Temperate Deciduous Forest at 43oN Latitude (generalized from Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest study) 390,000 kcal/m2 Absorbed by Earth and re-radiated as heat J. Corney

  31. Energy Flow Energy Flow Through an Ecosystem ECOSYSTEM 6,000 PRODUCERS 700 10,000 kcal/m2 1,000 CONSUMERS 10,000 kcal/m2 70 100 10 7 1o 2o 3o 200 20 3 3,000 DECOMPOSERS 3,223 SOLAR ENERGY HEAT ENERGY J. Corney

  32. Energy Flow Energy Flow Through a Trophic Level AVAILABLE from PRODUCERS 1,000 kcal (from ~1,000 plants/m2) CONSUMED by PRIMARY CONSUMERS (1o) (for ~100 grasshoppers/m2) 10 kcal 2 kcal 7 kcal Feces HEAT Respiration 1 kcal AVAILABLE for SECONDARY CONSUMERS (2o) 1 kcal X 100 grasshoppers = 100 kcal (for ~10 birds/m2) DECOMPOSERS Growth J. Corney

  33. Energy Flow Primary Productivity Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) uses available (PAR) Solar Energy, Water, and Carbon Dioxide to produce Glucose Range = 0.01% - 5% of PAR (2.5% average) [~ 0.00000005% of Total Solar Output] Mr. G’s Net Primary Productivity (NPP)= Glucose produced during photosynthesis (GPP) – Glucose used during plant Respiration (R) Range = 20% – 60% of GPP (40% average) Mr. G’s

  34. Energy Flow Secondary Productivity GSP ranges from 20% to 90% of Incoming Food Energy Mr. G’s NSP ranges from 1% to 40% of Incoming Food Energy Mr. G’s

  35. Energy Flow Efficiency of Energy Transfer INGESTION EFFICIENCY: Energy Consumed as Food Herbivores = 5% - 50% (25% average) Carnivores = 25% - 100% (60% average) ASSIMILATION EFFICIENCY: Energy Digested & Absorbed (- feces) Herbivores = 20% - 50% (30% average) Carnivores = 70% - 90% (80% average) PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY: Energy Used to Grow Biomass Invertebrates = 30% - 40% (35% average) Vertebrates: Ectotherms = 5% - 15% (10% average) Vertebrates: Endotherms = 1% - 2% (1.5% average) TROPHIC-LEVEL ENERGY TRANSFER EFFICIENCY: Available for Next Consumer Trophic-Level Energy Transfers = 2% - 24% (10% average) > “The 10% Rule”

  36. Energy Flow Energy Transfer Eltonian Pyramid Tertiary Consumers 0.010% of GPP available 0.0025% of PAR Secondary Consumers 0.10% of GPP available 0.025% of PAR Primary Consumers 10% of GPP available 0.25% of PAR Net Primary Productivity (NPP) = 1.0% of PAR or 40% of GPP Primary Producers Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) = 2.5% of PAR Solar Energy Available for Photosynthesis (PAR) = 100%* *Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) = 40% of Net Surface Solar Insolation J. Corney

  37. Energy Flow Example from Actual Temperate Forest McGraw Hill

  38. Energy Flow Example from a Sub-tropical Ecosystem Wadsworth Click and Learn Pearson

  39. Energy Flow Examples from Other Ecosystems Mr. G’s Mr. G’s

  40. Energy Flow Examples of Actual Efficiencies SIDE BAR A Human at Rest Uses… 1,200 Calories/day or 5,000,000 Joules/day or 60 Joules/second …just for Respiration! McGraw Hill

  41. Nutrient Cycling Then There’s the Carbon Cycle… Animals & Dead Material Dept. of Energy

  42. Nutrient Cycling ECOSYSTEM Carbon Cycling Through an Ecosystem CO2 CO2 OTHER SOURCES CONSUMERS C6H12O6 PRODUCERS CO2 1o 2o 3o DECOMPOSERS C6H12O6 SOIL “SINK” J. Corney

  43. Nutrient Cycling Energy Flow & Carbon Cycling J. Corney

  44. For Next Time… Nitrogen Cycle Linked to Carbon Cycle Dept. of Energy Wikipedia WHAT’S GOING ON IN THE SOIL?

  45. Dr. Jeffrey R. Corney, Managing Director University of Minnesota Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve 2660 Fawn Lake Dr NE East Bethel, MN 55005 (763) 434-5131 www.cedarcreek.umn.edu jcorney@umn.edu

  46. Trophic-Level Energy Transfer Eltonian Pyramid Decomposers Tertiary Consumers Secondary Consumers Primary Consumers Primary Producers Solar Energy Available for Photosynthesis (PAR) J. Corney

  47. ENERGY FLOW PRODUCERS CONSUMERS 1o 2o 3o DECOMPOSERS SOLAR ENERGY HEAT ENERGY J. Corney

  48. ENERGY FLOW 6,000 PRODUCERS 700 CONSUMERS 1,000 10,000 kcal/m2 10,000 kcal/m2 70 100 10 7 1o 2o 3o 200 20 3 3,000 DECOMPOSERS SOLAR ENERGY 3,223 HEAT ENERGY J. Corney

  49. CARBON CYCLE CO2 CO2 OTHER SOURCES CONSUMERS C6H12O6 PRODUCERS CO2 1o 2o 3o ATMOSPHERE DECOMPOSERS C6H12O6 SOIL “SINK” J. Corney

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